The promise of fuel cell-based automobiles

Fuel cell-based automobiles have gained attention in the last few years due to growing public concern about urban air pollution and consequent environmental problems. From an analysis of the power and energy requirements of a modern car, it is estimated that a base sustainable power ofca. 50 kW supplemented with short bursts up to 80 kW will suffice in most driving requirements. The energy demand depends greatly on driving characteristics but under normal usage is expected to be 200 Wh/km. The advantages and disadvantages of candidate fuel-cell systems and various fuels are considered together with the issue of whether the fuel should be converted directly in the fuel cell or should be reformed to hydrogen onboard the vehicle. For fuel cell vehicles to compete successfully with conventional internal-combustion engine vehicles, it appears that direct conversion fuel cells using probably hydrogen, but possibly methanol, are the only realistic contenders for road transportation applications. Among the available fuel cell technologies, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells directly fueled with hydrogen appear to be the best option for powering fuel cell vehicles as there is every prospect that these will exceed the performance of the internal-combustion engine vehicles but for their first cost. A target cost of $ 50/kW would be mandatory to make polymer-electrolyte fuel cells competitive with the internal combustion engines and can only be achieved with design changes that would substantially reduce the quantity of materials used. At present, prominent car manufacturers are deploying important research and development efforts to develop fuel cell vehicles and are projecting to start production by 2005.     

V_2O_5催化剂上甲醇乙醇一步合成醛类化合物的研究

在固定床反应器上研究了V2O5催化剂上甲醇、乙醇一步催化合成异丁醛等醛类化合物的反应。当反应在常压、350℃、进料比n(甲醇)/n(乙醇)=2、空速2.0h-1条件下进行时,乙醇转化率为89.05%,总醛产率达87.3%,其中异丁醛、乙醛、丙醛产率分别为16.71%、52.03%、18.56%,其余为丙醇、甲醛等化合物。当空速降为为0.5h-1时,乙醇转化率达到97.04%,异丁醛产率达29.07%,但总醛收率降为69.6%。该反应系统的反应历程被探讨。     

聚乙烯醇膜的阻醇及导电性能(Ⅱ)戊二醛交联聚乙烯醇膜

为提高直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)用膜的阻醇性能，采用在渗透蒸发领域广泛使用且具有良好分离效果的聚乙烯醇(PVA)为主要材料，制备了戊二醛(GA)交联PVA膜，考察了此类膜的阻醇及质子导电能力。PVA(GA)膜的阻醇效果较目前在DMFC中广泛使用的Nation膜有显著提高，但其自身不具有质子导电能力，需外加电解质溶液以提高其电导率。     

负载型金属催化剂上甲醇液相重整制氢研究

研究了Pt,Ru,Ni为活性金属的负载型催化剂上甲醇质量分数为5%的水溶液的液相重整反应。在合适的温度、体积空速下，Pt基催化剂表现出较好的反应性能，甲醇转化率可达99%，H2选择性达98%以上，产物中CO体积分数小于0.01%。Ni/Al2O3催化剂可使甲醇转化率最高达到98%以上，H2选择性随转化率升高而下降，但不低于80%。Ru/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇的转化率最高，可达到98%以上，但其H2选择性随着转化率的升高，从68%快速下降至20%，明显与Pt、Ni基催化剂上的反应机理不同。根据反应条件和产物组成变化，进一步探讨甲醇反应路径，当产物中H2与CH4选择性比值高于2/3时，反应路径以重整制氢为主；当比值低于2/3时，反应路径以甲烷化为主。     

催化裂化汽油脱硫助剂的研究

分析了催化裂化汽油脱硫助剂的作用机理。考察了不同种类L酸活性组分的脱硫性能以及L酸活性组分含量对脱硫效率和催化裂化催化剂活性的影响。合成了水溶性的汽油脱硫助剂。在中型试验装置上研究了该助剂活性组分挂载率和脱硫效果。中试结果表明：对不同原料油，所研制的汽油脱硫助剂可降低汽油硫含量15％～18％，并且不会对催化裂化催化剂的活性和产品性质产生不利影响。     

油气吸收回收系统的研究及工业应用——(Ⅱ)工业试验及效果分析

在油气吸收回收系统中型试验的基础上，开发了常温常压吸收法工业化油气回收系统，并进行了工业应用。结果表明，该油气回收系统平均回收率可达95．13％，每年可回收汽油529t；装车期间装车口周围环境大气中总烃浓度平均降低98．06％。企业通过实施油气回收系统，节能及经济效益明显，且很好地改善了装车场所的作业环境，克服了油气排放带来的安全隐患。     

Study on Reduction of Sulfur Content in FCC Gasoline

Reduction of sulfur content in FCC gasoline was studied in a fixed fluid bed (FFB) unit by using metal-modified LV-23 FCC catalyst. The results showed that the sulfur content in FCC gasoline could be reduced with LV-23 catalyst modified with zinc, palladium, zinc-palladium, zinc-cobalt, and zinc-nickel. Among these metals or metal combinations, palladium-containing catalyst was the most effective. Desulfufization of the heavy fraction of FCC gasoline was more effective than full-range gasoline under the same conditions with palladium-containing catalysts. A high reaction temperature was favorable to desulfurization, but it would reduce the yield of liquid product. After desulfurization reaction, the olefm content of product gasoline decreased while the aromatic and iso-alkane contents increased. Removal of thiophene and benzothiophene is higher.     

焦化汽油加氢试生产重整原料的技术分析

在0.6Mt/a柴油加氢精制装置上利用焦化汽油为原料进行重整原料油的试生产，改善了焦化汽油的性质，降低了硫，氮和可导致重整催化剂中毒的金属含量及烯烃含量，提高了饱和烃的含量，生产出了合格的重整原料，该技术拓宽了重整原料来源，较好地解决了焦化汽油的出路问题。     

高压下CO在甲醇-碳酸二甲酯中的溶解度测定

利用自行建立的高压下测定气体在液体中溶解度的装置,在温度25~75℃、压力2.00~10.00MPa条件下,首次测定了CO在甲醇、碳酸二甲酯及甲醇-碳酸二甲酯混合体系中的溶解度,并用PR方程计算了CO的气相逸度,溶解度数据符合方程f=Hx。揭示了CO在甲醇、碳酸二甲酯及甲醇-碳酸二甲酯混合体系中的溶解度规律。将亨利系数和温度进行关联,关联误差很小。这表明用此关联式可预测和推算CO在这些溶剂中的溶解度。     

Methanol adsorption and dehydration on alkali metal exchanged NaY zeolites

FT-IR spectroscopy has been applied in a study of methanol adsorption on M^INaY zeolites (M=Li, K, Rb, Cs). Coordinatively and/or hydrogen bonded methanol was registered in the temperature range 300–473 K. Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether occurred at 573 and 623 K. It was found that the activity of the catalyst for methanol dehydration strongly depends on the kind of alkali metal cation, and well correlates the IR data relative to methanol adsorption.