隧道开挖不均匀收敛引起地层位移的预测模型

在隧道施工引起的地层位移预测中,随机介质理论法是在我国应用较为广泛的实用方法之一。在目前的随机介质理论法中,均假定地层位移是由于隧道开挖断面的均匀收敛变形引起,本文认为隧道收敛模式一般为不均匀,推导了各类断面在不均匀收敛模式下的计算公式,并补充推导了矩形、马蹄形断面的计算公式。通过算例的比较,认为均匀与不均匀收敛这两种情况对于埋深越浅的隧道,计算结果差别越大,建议在工程中适当考虑隧道断面收敛形式以考虑实际位移情况或隧道施工工法等的影响。     

Rumination activity of dairy cows in the 24 hours before and after calving

Monitoring rumination behavior serves multiple purposes in feeding and herd management of dairy cows. The process of calving is a major event for cows, and a detailed understanding of alterations in behavioral patterns of animals in the time around calving is important in calving detection. The objective of this study was to describe the short-term changes in rumination patterns in dairy cows immediately before and after parturition. In total, 17 cows were fitted with rumination sensors that were able to monitor rumination time, number of rumination boli, and number of rumination jaw movements. Rumination time was decreased in the last 4 h antepartum and in the first 8 h postpartum. Cows stopped ruminating 123 ± 58 min (mean ± standard deviation) before calving and resumed ruminating 355 ± 194 min after calving. The number of rumination jaw movements and boli per day were decreased in the 24-h period postpartum. Rumination rate, the number of rumination jaw movements per rumination minute, and the number of boli per rumination minute changed little around calving. The calving event primarily influenced the duration and frequency of various rumination characteristics but not rumination intensity. Among detected characteristics, rumination time showed the greatest potential for monitoring of calving events.     

沙棘黄酮的分离纯化及其抗运动性疲劳作用

为优化大孔树脂纯化沙棘果黄酮提取物的工艺条件,通过等温静态吸附与洗脱试验,筛选适宜的树脂类型,研究其吸附机制后,利用动态吸附与洗脱单因素实验优化沙棘果黄酮提取物的纯化工艺,并考察其体内抗疲劳功效。结果显示,D101大孔树脂吸附沙棘黄酮性能较好,且易于被乙醇洗脱,吸附量随初始浓度的增加而增大,随温度的升高而降低,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,吸附动力学过程符合准一级动力学方程。最佳纯化工艺条件为:70 mL 3 mg/mL上样溶液(pH5.0),以1 mL/min流速上样后,采用160 mL 70%乙醇溶液,于1 mL/min流速洗脱,产物的黄酮含量由18.25%提高至59.07%,约为纯化前3.2倍。与空白对照相比,不同剂量的沙棘黄酮纯化产物可显著延长小鼠的运动时间(P<0.05),同时,中、高剂量的纯化产物有助于改善运动后体内的肝、肌糖原与乳酸的浓度水平和乳酸脱氢酶活力(P<0.01),从而具有较好缓解机体疲劳的作用,该研究可为沙棘果的开发提供参考。     

电磁选针器实时检测系统

为满足电磁选针器的性能测试及其在长时间运行过程中的稳定性检测与故障数据保存的要求,利用可重新配置的嵌入式测控系统和配套的软件,设计了一种采用激光位移传感器实现选针摆动位移的检测系统。通过对电磁选针器选针刀的位移与选针驱动信号进行实时采集和处理,实现了选针刀摆动规律的测量和选针响应时间的计算。该检测系统还具有异常选针时间分析和记录功能,用于选针器的稳定性检测。本文系统为选针器的优化设计和性能标定提供了一种精确的测量分析方法,并为后续的电磁选针器故障分析提供了数据支持。     

基于仿口腔平台的食品咀嚼效果评定方法研究

食品在口腔加工中的形变过程以及口腔加工能力与形成可吞咽食团的相互关系受到越来越广泛的关注,然而测试人员的食品口腔加工过程难以直接观察,咀嚼实验的相关数据难以获取;并且口腔加工能力不易重复量化,使得咀嚼效果难以评定。为解决这些问题,基于前期开发的仿口腔平台,以石蜡和花生作为试验样品,分别通过仿口腔平台和测试人员进行咀嚼实验,并将收集的食团进行咀嚼效果指数测定和比较。数据分析表明：体内和体外咀嚼实验与咀嚼次数间具有显著相关性,不同咀嚼次数下体内组和体外组的花生中值粒径d₅₀、石蜡咀嚼效果指数MEI存在显著性差异(P<0.05);且当咀嚼次数达到食团吞咽所需的次数时,体外实验得到的食团样品与测试者口腔中收集的样品咀嚼效果评定指标具有高度一致性。研究结果表明,基于模拟人类食品口腔加工并生成食团的仿口腔平台进行食品咀嚼实验来评定咀嚼效果,可有效替代实验人员,减少实验成本,增加实验可重复性。     

Graduate Student Literature Review: The effect of housing systems on movement opportunity of dairy cows and the implications on cow health and comfort

Intensification within the dairy industry has led to an increase in use of more restrictive indoor housing systems (most commonly tiestalls and freestalls) and less use of the pasture-based housing systems used in past generations. These indoor housing systems are associated with not only a higher level of restriction to cow movement, but also with a higher prevalence of lameness and cow comfort issues on farm, which negatively affects cow welfare, public perceptions, and producer profitability. In looking for solutions to these issues, several studies have investigated different housing and management options that are less restrictive and increase cow movement opportunity. We hypothesized that movement opportunity, briefly summarized as the level of locomotor activity a cow is able to express in her given environment as well as the ease with which said movement can be expressed, can have a direct, substantial effect on cow comfort as well as cow leg and hoof health. Lying behaviors, which serve as common indicators of cow comfort, are affected not only by the ease of movement that comes with providing more movement opportunity within the lying environment, but also by the aforementioned improvements to leg health. This is particularly true regarding the ability to display different lying postures and to rise and lie down with ease. The complexity of the relationship between the different methods by which movement opportunity can be provided to dairy cows and the corresponding effects on outcome measures related to cow health and comfort is an area of research that warrants exploration. In this literature review, we sought to identify how level of movement opportunity, provided though different housing systems and management practices, affects cow hoof and leg, udder, and reproductive health, as well as the effects that it has on cow lying behaviors that are indicative of comfort.     

环锭细纱机高速纺纱断头问题探讨

研究细纱机变速段瞬时断头问题,定性分析气圈张力振动波形的主要谐波,气圈本身圆偏振波、导纱钩处张力波及共振波的形成和性质;说明张力波动的重要因素及钢领板运动转向时出现突发张力的原因。指出：钢丝圈运动是按钢领板升降规律变化的变速运动,是导纱钩处张力波动的主要谐波,是张力波动的重要因素;细纱大、小纱断头的原因是存在超大的突发性张力峰值,可能为共振。     

印刷机翻转机构运动的二次转化系统法分析

从印刷机纸张翻转机构的运动方式出发,利用二次转化系统的方法分析了翻转机构上下牙片的运动特性,并通过实例计算证明了本方法适用于翻转机构的运动研究,对印刷机翻转机构的设计工作具有指导意义.     

近距离煤层群下行开采覆岩运移特征试验分析

为研究近距离煤层群多次开采对覆岩运移的影响,根据潘二煤矿近距离煤层群(8、7、6、5煤)地质和开采技术条件,采用相似材料模拟试验开展了下行开采覆岩运移特征研究。分析得出了多次开采覆岩变形、破坏及运移规律,近距离煤层群多次开采与单一煤层开采形成的覆岩宏观运移形态和特征相似。随着开采次数增多,覆岩下沉系数呈线性递减。多次开采覆岩变形、破坏至连通的时间和空间位置关系与开采厚度、开采次数、层间距及层间岩性等因素密切相关。研究表明,覆岩运移的多次演化叠加不仅是影响顶板来压和控制、瓦斯抽采布置和效果的关键因素,也是采动应力演化致灾的主导因素。     

Behavior and movements of Indian meal moths (Plodia interpunctella Hübner) during commodity infestation

A model warehouse with carefully regulated environmental conditions was used to study the behavior of adult Indian meal moths during commodity infestation. Sequences of moth distributions in the warehouse, calculated by spatial analysis, clearly showed the coordinated movements of moth populations from eclosion to death. Many facets of adult behavior in a warehouse were coordinated with the photoperiod. Adult moths emerged at the end of a photophase and fairly rapidly moved to the walls and, to a lesser extent, to the undersides of the commodity pallets. Most females are mated in the first 24 h after emergence, largely during the scotophase. Air circulation within the warehouse probably compromised pheromone-directed guidance of males to females, although pheromones may still have a major role in regulating other aspects of male mating behavior. When mating subsided, many of the males flew upwind to the air circulating unit, but only during the photophases. The females moved to the return air side of the warehouse and then migrated towards the same end as the males, but only during the scotophases. They moved from pallet to pallet largely by walking on the warehouse floor and laid eggs in or on the cups of commodity. Direct oviposition on the commodity during the infestation period was lower than expected, probably because commodity odors were dissipated by air circulation and did not provide appropriate orientation. At 144 h after emergence, 90% of the moth population had died.