Biochemical changes in cut vs. intact lamb's lettuce (Valerianella olitoria) leaves during storage

Consumers are oriented towards fresh-cut vegetables that provide phytonutrients useful for preventing stress-related diseases. The aim of this work was to evaluate the cut operations on the quality changes of lamb's lettuce ( Valerianella olitoria L.) cv. Trofy during storage at 4 °C for 8 days. Results showed that chlorophyll and carotenoids reduction was observed after 8 days of storage. In both treatments, total carotenoids after 8 days decreased from 20 to 16 mg g⁻¹ FW. Free and total phenols increased with storage in both treatments. Total phenols were 23% higher in control (32 μmol g⁻¹ FW) compared to cut leaves (25 μmol g⁻¹ FW) after 8 days of storage. Anthocyanins increased after 8 days and reached 30 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW without significant difference between treatments. Ascorbic acid (AsA) and dehydroascorbic (DHA) acid increased in cut leaves compared to control. After 1 day AsA concentration was 3 300 nmol g⁻¹ FW in cut leaves, while in control leaves was 1 500 nmol g⁻¹ FW. Analogously AsA + DHA was higher in cut leaves, 4 100 nmol g⁻¹ FW, while in control leaves the mean was 3 000 nmol g⁻¹ FW. After 5 days of storage the values of AsA returned to initial values, while AsA + DHA were lower.     

Beta-lactoglobulin is a thermal marker in processed milk as studied by electrophoresis and circular dichroic spectra

As much of the sterilization process involves heat treatment during the preparation of milk on an industrial scale, the unpredictable measures of the process are an essential issue in determining the quality of the milk. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the major protein change(s) of whey proteins in processed milk and extend the knowledge for future reference in the dairy industry. Using a native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we showed almost a 90% loss and denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin (LG), but not alpha-lactalbumin (LA), in some brands of the processed and dry milks. Immunochemical analysis using Western blotting revealed that part of the loss was attributed to the formation of large multiple forms of LG in the processed product. Such denaturation was presumably associated with the heating procedure used in the process. Essentially, LG was the only major fraction converted to aggregates in milk heated at 95 degrees C for 30 min on 2-dimensional PAGE. The detailed thermal denaturation of purified LG and LA at various temperatures (50 to 95 degrees C) and time (5 to 960 s) were investigated using a circular dichroic analysis. The maximal changes of ellipticity at 205 nm (converting beta-structure to disordered structure) were correlated to heating temperature and time. There were no significant conformational changes of LG at temperatures below 70 degrees C for as long as 480 s. Pronounced and rapid changes occurred between 80 to 95 degrees C in a time-dependent manner. Fifty percent of the maximal changes could be reached within 15 s. In conclusion, the unique chemical and immunochemical loss and conformational changes made LG a superior marker for evaluating the thermal processing of milk. The detailed thermal denaturation curves of LG constructed with its time and temperature in this study provide a valuable reference for the dairy industry. We postulate that heat treatment over 80 degrees C in 15 s may induce a significant denaturation of milk LG.     

Molecular ecology and polyphasic characterization of the microbiota associated with semi-dry processed coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

This work was aimed at isolating and identifying the microbiota present during the semi-dry method of coffee processing using polyphasic methods and to evaluate microbial diversity with PCR-DGGE. Samples of Coffea arabica L. were collected during different processing stages in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The bacterial and fungal isolates were phenotypically characterised and grouped according to the ARDRA technique, in which the 16–23S and ITS1-5.8S regions of the rDNA were sequenced for species identification. The bacterial counts varied from 3.7 to 7 log CFU g⁻¹. The yeast counts ranged from 3.4 to 6.9 log CFU g⁻¹, and the filamentous fungal population varied from 2 to 3.7 log CFU g⁻¹. Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the predominant bacteria detected during the processing of the coffee, and Pichia anomala, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were the dominant yeasts. All of the yeast and bacterial species detected by PCR-DGGE were isolated using culture-dependent methods, with the exception of one uncultivable bacterial species. Aspergillus was the most common genus among the filamentous fungal isolates. The use of polyphasic methods allowed a better characterization of the microbiota that is naturally present in semi-dry processed coffee.     

Casein Peptization, Functional Properties, and Sensory Acceptance of Processed Cheese Spreads Made with Different Emulsifying Salts

ABSTRACT:  " Requeijão cremoso " is a traditional Brazilian processed cheese spread, showing ample acceptance on the national market. Emulsifying salts (ES) are an important factor influencing the characteristics of processed cheeses, but the literature presents conflicting results about their action on cheese functionality.  Requeijão cremoso  obtained from anhydrous ingredients allows the study of the influence of each type of ES on the cheese properties, since it can be treated as a model system where the variables are limited and well known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of ES (TSC—sodium citrate, SHMP—sodium hexametaphosphate, STPP—sodium tripolyphosphate, and TSPP—tetrasodium pyrophosphate) on the sensory and functional characteristics of  requeijão cremoso -processed cheeses obtained from anhydrous ingredients. The physicochemical composition, degree of casein dissociation, fat particle size, melting index, color, texture profile, and sensory acceptance of the cheeses were determined. The functional behavior of processed cheeses was strongly influenced by the type of ES and its physicochemical properties including its ability to bind Ca, the casein dispersion during cooking, and the possible creation of cross-links with casein during cooling. The cheese made with SHMP was the one most differentiated from the others, presenting lower melting index, whiter color, and higher values for hardness, gumminess, and adhesiveness. The differences in texture had an impact on sensory acceptance: with the exception of the sample manufactured with sodium hexametaphosphate, all the samples presented good sensory acceptance.     

C207和C301甲醇催化剂精制气高氢还原浅析

介绍C207和C301甲醇催化剂的还原经验和使用情况。应用精制气高氢还原,催化剂具有起始还原温度低、出水集中在低温段、还原时间短、易操作等特点。还原后的催化剂活性好,使用寿命长,1炉催化剂可使用3年左右。     

红肉及加工肉制品与结直肠癌风险关系的研究进展

近年来我国结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率逐年上升。据研究,结直肠癌发生率的升高可能与红肉及加工肉制品消费的增长具有一定相关性,但该关联性一直存在争议。为此,本文分析了现阶段研究红肉及加工肉制品与结直肠癌相关性的方法及其局限性,并综述了与红肉及加工肉制品相关的潜在结直肠癌致病因素,为确定结直肠癌及其他癌症与红肉及加工肉制品之间的关系提供了新的思路。     

不同产地加工及炮制方法对鹿茸中胶原蛋白含量的影响

研究不同加工炮制方法对鹿茸中胶原蛋白含量的影响。采用氨基酸自动分析仪对不同加工炮制方法和不同部位鹿茸中构成胶原蛋白的4 种氨基酸羟脯氨酸、脯氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸进行含量测定,进而转换成胶原蛋白的含量。通过比较不同加工炮制方法和不同部位鹿茸中胶原蛋白含量的差异,分析加工及炮制方法对鹿茸中胶原蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,冻干茸蜡片、粉片、纱片、骨片和整支中胶原蛋白质量分数分别为37.43%、30.01%、32.16%、40.81%和36.47%;煮炸茸相应部位胶原蛋白质量分数分别为31.40%、31.59%、35.69%、44.07%和39.44%;排血茸胶原蛋白质量分数分别为43.89%、39.04%、45.94%、46.23%和42.24%;带血茸胶原蛋白质量分数分别为37.84%、32.24%、35.11%、43.62%和37.64%;鹿茸粉胶原蛋白质量分数分别为25.51%、24.93%和26.12%,40%、50%和60%乙醇溶液润制的鹿茸片胶原蛋白质量分数分别为26.93%、28.89%和29.08%。煮炸茸中胶原蛋白含量高于冻干茸（蜡片除外）,排血茸中胶原蛋白含量高于带血茸;不同部位鹿茸之间表现出蜡片胶原蛋白含量较高,粉片、纱片和骨片中胶原蛋白含量依次递增的规律;不同炮制方法的鹿茸炮制品中,乙醇润制处理的鹿茸片中胶原蛋白含量高于直接粉碎的鹿茸粉,随着润制鹿茸乙醇体积分数的增大鹿茸片中胶原蛋白含量逐渐增加。     

净菜保鲜剂选用的研究

主要研究上海青、香菜和油麦菜的保鲜技术,通过正交实验确定了在0～8℃时保鲜剂的最佳配方,结果如下:对于上海青,保鲜刺最佳配方为柠檬酸0.08%,氯化钙0.05%,苯甲酸钠0.10%;对于香菜,保鲜荆最佳配方为柠檬酸0.08%.氯化钙0.10%,苯甲酸钠0.05%;对于油麦菜,保鲜荆最佳配方为柠檬酸0.08%,氯化钙0.10%,苯甲酸钠0.05%.实验表明,通过保鲜剂处理可以明显延长净菜贮藏期.     

Effect of different fibres on texture,rheological and sensory properties of acid casein processed cheese sauces

The objective of this study was the evaluation of different fibres (bamboo, acacia, potato or citrus) addition on texture, rheological and sensory properties of acid casein processed cheese sauces. Fibres used in production of sauces had an impact on the texture, viscosity, viscoelastic and sensory properties. The largest increase in viscosity was observed in products with addition of potato fibre, which have good water holding and adsorption capacity. Processed cheese sauce with the addition of citrus fibre was characterised by the highest values in general, and the increase of this feature in the tested samples was regular. Adhesiveness was the highest in products with 1% addition of every fibre. The lowest values of viscosity single shear, G′ and G″ moduli, among all tested, had sauces with acacia fibre. Moreover, they had the most thin liquid consistency, which was different from preferred one.     

Active packaging solution to prolong the shelf life of rocket salad

The best packaging conditions for rocket salad were assessed by subsequent experimental trials. In the first step, a preliminary screening of different packaging materials was performed and two micro‐perforated oriented polypropylene films with different micro‐hole diameters (90 and 110 μm) were selected as best packaging solutions. In the subsequent experimental step, modified headspace conditions were applied without any improvement on product quality. In the last step, the effects of an ethylene adsorbent were analysed. Rocket salad packaged in both films with the ethylene adsorbent recorded a shelf life of about 16 days, compared to the control samples that remained acceptable for 13 days. During storage, the microbial quality (mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, pseudomonadaceae, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, total coliforms and enterobacteriacae), the pH, the colour changes and the main sensory parameters were also monitored.