膨化硝铵炸药生产专用碾混机安全性研究

为研究碾混机在混药过程中的安全性,通过分析碾混机结构,调节进料速度、刮板角度和碾混机转速来进行生产极限的试验,观察混药过程中堵料情况,测试混药后炸药爆速,分析和讨论碾混机混药过程的安全性.研究结果表明,当碾混机转速为22.8 r·min-1,进料速度为4t·h-1,刮板角度为24°条件下,碾混机运行具有较高的安全性,混...     

硝酸铵自敏化结构与爆轰性能

采用压汞法、扫描电镜法测试了四种硝铵炸药用硝酸铵(AN)的孔隙结构、比表面积和粒子表面形貌,研究了工业硝铵炸药用硝酸铵的自敏化结构特征.结果表明:1<'#>膨化硝酸铵(1<'#>-EAN)样品存在大量孔隙、且有效热点范围内的孔隙数量较多,颗粒表面存在大量棱角、突起、晶形严重歧化,自敏化特征明显;2<'#>-EAN样品中...     

沉淀聚合包覆硝酸铵的吸湿性研究

在环己烷介质中采用丙烯腈单体沉淀聚合反应对硝酸铵进行了包覆,测试了包覆前后硝酸铵的吸湿性、结块性,利用扫描电子显微镜观察了包覆效果,利用接触角测试仪测量了AN在不同测试液中的接触角,分析了改性后硝酸铵吸湿性降低的原因和机理。     

2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯的合成、晶形控制及其与HTPB推进剂组份的相容性

以2-羟甲基-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇为起始原料,通过缩酮反应、氧化偶联反应、水解反应、硝化反应四步反应合成出了2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯(SMX),并采用红外光谱、元素分析及核磁共振谱进行了结构表征。采用Materials Studio Modeling软件中的Growth Morphology方法模拟了SMX晶体的生长形态和结晶习性,分析了重要构晶晶面的表面结构特征,研究了溶剂效应对晶体形貌的影响。采用乙酸乙酯/石油醚混合液对SMX进行重结晶实验。通过DSC法研究了SMX与端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂组份:HTPB、高氯酸铵(AP)、铝(Al)粉、奥克托今(HMX)、黑索今(RDX)和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)的相容性。结果表明,乙酸乙酯/石油醚结晶体系可改善产品的晶体形貌,理论预测与实验结果相符。SMX与HMX、RDX、Al粉相容性较好,与AP轻微敏感,与HTPB和TDI不相容。     

液相还原法制取纳米银粉的研究

以硝酸银为原料,水为反应介质,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为保护剂,甲酸铵作为还原剂,利用普通液相还原法常温一步直接制备得到平均粒径在10nm左右的纳米级银粉。采用XRD、EDS、TEM等测试手段,对所制得的纳米银粉进行了表征。并简要讨论了纳米银粉制备过程中的各类影响因素。     

Nitrate Additives Coordinated with Crown Ether Stabilize Lithium Metal Anodes in Carbonate Electrolyte

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are promising for next-generation batteries but have poor compatibility with the widely used carbonate-based electrolytes, which is a major reason for their severe dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). A nitrate additive to the electrolyte is an effective solution, but its low solubility in carbonates is a problem that can be solved using a crown ether, as reported. A rubidium nitrate additive coordinated with 18-crown-6 crown ether stabilizes the LMA in a carbonate electrolyte. The coordination promotes the dissolution of NO₃⁻ ions and helps form a dense solid electrolyte interface that is Li₃N-rich which guides uniform Li deposition. In addition, the Rb (18-crown-6)⁺ complexes are adsorbed on the dendrite tips, shielding them from Li deposition on the dendrite tips. A high CE of 97.1% is achieved with a capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻² in a half cell, much higher than when using the additive-free electrolyte (92.2%). Such an additive is very compatible with a nickel-rich ternary cathode at a high voltage, and the assembled full battery with a cathode material loading up to 10 mg cm⁻² shows an average CE of 99.8% over 200 cycles, indicating a potential for practical use.     

Metastable Phase Cu with Optimized Local Electronic State for Efficient Electrocatalytic Production of Ammonia from Nitrate

Electrocatalytic nitrate (NO₃⁻) reduction reaction (NITRR) is an inspiring route for ammonia (NH₃) synthesis at ambient condition. The metallic Cu-based material with low cost and high activity is one of the most promising electrocatalysts for NITRR. However, due to the weaker atomic H^*-providing capacity, the produced intermediate—nitrite tends to accumulate on its surface, leading to unsatisfactory NH₃ selectivity and Faradic efficiency (FE). Herein, a novel and facile O₂/Ar plasma oxidation and subsequent electro-reduction strategy is developed to synthesize a kind of metastable phase Cu. Excitingly, the metastable phase Cu demonstrates superior NITRR performance to conventional phase Cu with high NH₄⁺ selectivity (97.8%) and FE (99.8%). Density function theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the upshift of the d-band center to near the Fermi level in metastable phase Cu contributes to the enhanced activity, while the relatively strong adsorption of H^* facilitates the conversion from NO₂^*/NO^* to NOOH^*/NOH^* and thus ensures high selectivity and FE. Furthermore, when evaluated as cathode material in Zn-NO₃⁻ battery, high power density (7.56 mW cm⁻²) and NH₄⁺ yield (76 µmol h⁻¹ cm⁻²) are achieved by the metastable phase Cu-based battery.     

硝酸盐作为酸法地浸氧化剂的研究

硝酸盐作为酸法地浸采铀氧化剂的研究结果表明 ,硝酸根可有效地氧化地浸吸附尾液中的Fe2 ,但其动力学性能较 H2 O2 差 ;硝酸根能有效氧化浸出矿石中难溶的四价铀。硝酸盐作为浸出氧化剂 ,能满足地浸工艺的需要     

无梯岩石铵脲炸药研究

本文描述一种不含梯思梯的岩石铵脲炸药。即采用复合硝酸脲代替梯恩梯作敏化剂，这种炸药具有澎性小、机械感度低、爆炸性能和贮存性能优良等特点。文中论述了提高复合硝酸辟爆炸性能的技术途径，讨论了影响复合硝酸脲、铵脲炸药性能的因素及无梯铵脲炸药的热分解行为，提出了估算工业炸药爆速和评估无梯铵脲炸药质量可靠性计算数学模型。实验和理论计算结果十分一致。     

硝酸脲与黑索今混合炸药的制备及性能研究

为解决黑索今(RDX)生产工厂的废硝酸再利用问题,在RDX生产过程中不分离出RDX,而是直接加入一定量尿素水溶液,废硝酸与尿素反应生成硝酸脲后,使RDX和硝酸脲共同结晶,生成RDX与硝酸脲共结晶的混合炸药。得到两大类型的混合炸药:Ⅰ型混合炸药(含RDX 10%~20%)的综合爆炸性能优于现有的铵梯、乳化及粉状工业炸药;Ⅱ型混合炸药(含RDX 40%)的爆炸性能与TNT相当。该混合炸药的制造工艺简单,RDX生产过程的废酸污染问题得到了改善。