Lifing issues in hot gas path components of heavy-duty gas turbines

Abstract

Gas turbine hot-gas-path components, which include combustion liners, transition pieces, turbine nozzles and turbine buckets, are exposed to hot gases discharged from combustion systems and suffer from severe materials degradation and damage even in the early stage of operation. The severity of the damage and degradation increases with increasing inlet temperature and size of the gas turbines, which also increase the maintenance cost. ‘Lifing’ of components is, therefore, becoming a very critical issue. This paper describes several kinds of component damage and material degradation occurring in the 1,100°C- and 1,300°C-class heavy-duty gas turbines and then shows how we revised those component lives from the original design ones. Analytical-based assessment methods associated with condition-based assessment ones, some examples of assessment results, and component life extension technologies are also described.     

尾管悬挂器超高压封隔技术研究与实践

针对高压油气井常规尾管固井重叠段固井质量差的问题,研制了新型超高压封隔式尾管悬挂器。该悬挂器同时具有悬挂、封隔2种功能,能够有效地密封重叠段,防止油、气、水窜的发生。根据金属膨胀原理,设计了由金属和橡胶共同组成的密封组件,采用有限元方法分析了密封组件膨胀过程中的应力情况,在此基础上优化了结构设计,试制了样机,并进行了样机性能试验和现场试验。试验结果表明,该超高压尾管封隔悬挂器坐挂、坐封可靠,操作简便,且允许大排量循环,防止了常规结构存在的提前坐封现象,有效地解决了尾管固井过程中重叠段封固质量差的难题,具有极高的推广应用价值。     

A new high-pressure clearance seal with flexible laddered piston assembly in oil-free miniature compressor for potential hydrogen applications and investigation on its dynamic sealing efficiency

In this paper, a new flexible laddered piston assembly of clearance seal without any soft seal part was proposed for a long life time run of high-pressure stage in oil-free miniature compressor for potential hydrogen applications. In this assembly, the functions of radial load bearing and gas sealing were undertaken independently by large and small piston. The dynamic sealing performance evaluation was carried out by comprehensively considering the real-time variation of gas properties and piston motion with thermodynamic process in the compression chamber. Simulation study shows that the introduced clearance gap has a great influence on the expansion, compression and discharge process. Leakage through the clearance would lead to the in-cylinder pressure drop during the discharge process and bring about oscillation and earlier closure of the discharge valve. Sealing clearance exert more significant influence on the sealing efficiency in the high-pressure stage compared to sealing length and shaft speed.     

Fully transient analytical solution for degradable organic contaminant transport through GMB/GCL/AL composite liners

In this study, analytical solution for degradable organic contaminant transport through a composite liner consisting of a geomembrane (GMB) layer, a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and an attenuation layer (AL) is derived by the separation of variables method. The transient contaminant transport in the whole composite liner can be well described avoiding some weird phenomena in existing analytical solutions. The results of parametric study show that GCL has significant effect on improving the barrier efficiency especially for scenarios with high leachate head. The biodegradation and adsorption in GCL have significant influence on the contaminant transport through the composite liner when the half-life of contaminant in GCL is less than 5 years. Otherwise, the effect can be neglected.     

高炉煤粉球磨机大修

介绍了球磨机大修施工过程、经验和安装工艺技术要求，工程确保了施工安全，有效地恢复了球磨机的精度要求和功能。     

Design and analysis of a new wave energy converter based on a point absorber and a hydraulic system harvesting energy from waves near the shore in calm seas

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the design of a new wave energy converter, composed of a point absorber and a hydraulic system (power take off) and sized for recovering energy in calm seas from waves near the shore. The point absorber is consisting of a rectangular shaped buoy integrating a piston pump. The set buoy‐pump oscillates under the waves action and moves natural water in a closed circuit hydraulic system (power take off) composed of a piping connecting the piston pump itself, a pressurized reservoir, a hydraulic turbine and a discharge tank. The methodology adopted for designing the main constituents involves a 1D mathematical model, settled for understanding the motion of the buoy under the hypothesis of regular waves and fully developed sea, and a sizing procedure applied for the design of all the components of the hydraulic system. The project related to the Calabrian site of Cetraro (Mediterranean Sea—south Italy) led to designing a system with a 4 m large buoy, associated with a small 13 cm diameter micro Pelton turbine, so that more than 22 000 kWh could be recovered in a year.     

内燃机钢制活塞焊接的研究现状

文中分析了内燃机活塞选用钢作原材料、焊接作为连接方法的优点,并概括叙述了摩擦焊、激光-电弧复合焊、真空钎焊在钢制活塞焊接中的探索及应用。焊接式钢制活塞在结构钢度、热效率、经济环保等方面有所提高,且造成的噪声污染较小,从而具有更广阔的发展前景。文中通过分析在3种不同焊接方法下活塞的结构、接头强度、微观组织,总结得出摩擦焊最大问题在于飞边和尺寸,激光复合焊在机械化生产上存在生产成本的问题,而真空钎焊接头在强度及生产效率方面仍需进一步的改善。     

硬岩中的可重复使用抗爆洞室结构设计技术

在原岩中直接进行化爆模拟试验是研究地震耦合效应的重要方法,但存在爆心附近原岩介质状态改变或地震传播路径变化的问题,从而导致地震信号质量差、工程代价高。为此,提出了在地下洞室中构建可重复使用钢纤维混凝土衬砌结构的抗爆设计思路。采用数值模拟方法,对结构损伤破坏的高风险区域及破坏形式进行了预测;根据数值模拟结果,制定了针对性结构设计方案。在设计建设的密闭设施内重复开展了数百公斤级TNT当量化爆试验,通过爆后壁面破损情况对比、钻孔取样与钻孔摄像观测,证实多次爆炸未对衬砌与原岩界面产生明显影响;相似事件在同一台站的地震信号表现出了较高稳定性和重复性,证明该抗爆结构达到了预期设计目标。该工作可为类似抗爆设施建设提供工程实例与技术参考。     

Numerical study of strain development in high-density polyethylene geomembrane liner system in landfills using a new constitutive model for municipal solid waste

Tensile strain development in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) liner systems in landfills was numerically investigated. A new constitutive model for municipal solid waste (MSW) that incorporates both mechanical creep and biodegradation was employed in the analyses. The MSW constitutive model is a Cam-Clay type of plasticity model and was implemented in the finite difference computer program FLAC?. The influence of the friction angle of the liner system interfaces, the biodegradation of MSW, and the MSW filling rate on tensile strains were investigated. Several design alternatives to reduce the maximum tensile strain under both short- and long-term waste settlement were evaluated. Results of the analyses indicate that landfill geometry, interface friction angles, and short- and long-term waste settlement are key factors in the development of tensile strains. The results show that long-term waste settlement can induce additional tensile strains after waste placement is complete. Using a HDPE GMB with a friction angle on its upper interface that is lower than the friction angle on the underlying interface, increasing the number of benches, and reducing the slope inclination are shown to mitigate the maximum tensile strain caused by waste placement and waste settlement.     

Experimental investigation of an oscillating circular piston positive displacement flowmeter: II – Leakage flows and wear tests

Experimental data from an oscillating circular piston positive displacement flowmeter are described which focused on leakage flows and wear. This is the second part of a two part paper on the experimental tests, the first part concerned piston movement and pressure loss. In this paper the leakage across the meter is reported for key parameters including: flow rate, liquid density and viscosity, mass of circular piston, surface coating and length of connection pipes. In addition to the average leakage over a period of time, the leakage past a stationary circular piston was measured during a simulated oscillation. Wear tests were run for both stainless steel and carbon pistons to identify the affected areas of piston and chamber.