深圳市近20 a水资源及其利用状况分析

根据1995—2017年深圳市水资源公报资料,分析了深圳市近20 a来的降水量、地表水资源量、用水量、用水结构、用水指标和废污水排放量变化情况,并与国内主要大城市进行比较。在此基础上,利用主成分分析法,把影响深圳市水资源承载力的13项主要指标归纳为2个独立的主成分,对深圳市水资源承载力进行了综合评价。结果表明:近20 a来,深圳市用水量急速上升,年均增长率4.64%;用水构成中以城市居民生活用水占比最高,所占比例多年均值为35.76%,工业用水或公共用水次之,其他用水最少;万元GDP用水量减少了89.3%,万元工业增加值用水量减少了85.5%;水资源承载力持续上升,水资源承载力水平受水资源开发利用水平及社会经济发展程度的影响更大,受本地水资源量的影响较小。深圳市短期内可通过建设新的引水工程解决供水矛盾,但从长期来看,更应积极优化用水结构、加快产业升级、充分挖掘城市节水潜力。研究成果可为深圳市水资源保护利用和管理决策提供参考。     

严寒城市公共空间活力评价因子分析

为使严寒城市公共空间具有高活力度,根据对严寒城市典型公共空间进行的现场勘察与访问,确定28项活力影响因子.通过问卷调研获得了影响因子对人们活动影响程度的相关数据,利用因子分析对该数据进行计算,保留其中26项影响因子,并将其归类为5项活力因子,分别为自然活力因子、区位活力因子、空间活力因子、设施活力因子和文化活力因子.基于该分类,针对26项影响因子,制定了优、良、中、合格和不合格五级评价标准.分析结果表明,提升26项影响因子的活力度评价等级,有助于提高严寒城市公共空间的活力程度.     

沥青混凝土心墙土石坝水力劈裂计算分析

分析了土石坝水力劈裂原理,针对新疆吐鲁番二塘沟沥青混凝土心墙土石坝,选取河床部位最大断面为典型断面,采用有限元法对其进行水力劈裂计算分析,得出:该土石坝心墙任一高程处的中主应力都小于竖向应力,且中主应力和竖向应力都大于水压力。因此,该坝的心墙不会发生水力劈裂。     

Structural variability and its relation to edaphic attributes of mangroves in the south‐west coast of India

We estimated the tree structural variables (density, frequency and basal area) of true mangroves and soil variables like particle size distribution, carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus, sulphur, nutrient cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg) of Cochin mangroves and examined the relationship between vegetation and environment. The study sites were classified as seaward fringe, riverine and interior. Of the thirteen true mangrove species present, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia caseolaris and Excoecaria agallocha showed higher Importance Value Index. The mean stem density varied from 80 to 25,000 no./ha and basal area from 0.1 to 39.68 m²/ha. Seaward mangroves showed maximum stand basal area and biomass production while riverine exhibited maximum density. Maturity Index value of Cochin mangroves revealed a very low degree of structural maturity. Interior mangroves were characterized by silty soil with higher nutrient concentrations. Principal component analysis of soil data revealed that the major factors influencing mangrove vegetation were soil texture, nutrients, salinity and oxidation–reduction potential. The stem density and basal area of different species correlated highly with soil nutrients and texture (p < .001) while salinity showed negative correlations with vegetation characteristics. The data generated in the study would be fundamental in site‐specific management and conservation efforts of these degrading mangroves.     

Convolutional neural networks recognition algorithm based on PCA

To improve the insufficiency of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) labeled training data for Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) and the recognition rate for large variations, a novel CNN recognition algorithm is proposed. Firstly, a set of features is extracted from the original data by unsupervised training based on PCA as the initial filter set for CNN. Secondly, in order to accelerate the training speed while avoiding over-fitting, the Rectified Linear Units(ReLU) is adopted as the non-linear function. Thirdly, to strengthen robustness and mitigate the defects of pooling upon features, a probabilistic max-pooling sampling method is introduced and local contrast normalization is exploited on features after the convolutional layer. Experiments demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms the original CNN in recognition rate and achieves better robustness for large variations and complex background.     

一种基于SDN的在线流量异常检测方法

基于软件定义网络的集中管控平面,提出了一种在线流量异常检测方法.首先在控制器上在线获取OpenFlow交换机的流表信息,并构造整个网络的流量矩阵与样本熵矩阵进行组合,然后采用主成分分析方法检测异常流量.实验结果表明,相比于传统网络中利用主成分分析方法分别单独处理离线的流量矩阵或样本熵矩阵的方法,在线流量异常检测方法实现和处理方式简单、有效,异常流量能够得到快速隔离,是基于软件定义网络的一种轻量级在线流量异常检测方法.     

重力异常处理中小子域滤波法的改进

在重力资料处理中,小子域滤波法会导致异常边界严重失真。为了弥补这一缺陷,提出一种改进的小子域滤波法,通过对子域剖分方式的改进以达到提升计算速度和控制异常边界失真的效果。通过模型试验对该方法的可行性进行验证,试验结果表明:重力异常数据利用改进的小子域滤波法多次迭代计算后,可以较好地反映地质体边界的分布情况,失真现象得到明显抑制;利用该方法描绘出虎林盆地断裂分布图,得到了25条断裂的分布情况,与已有的地质资料存在很好的对应关系。     

三峡库区城镇污染河流沉积物重金属风险评价与来源分析

以三峡库区城镇化发展迅速的典型流域——梁滩河为研究对象,分析了不同河段沉积物重金属含量,用地累积指数Igeo和沉积物污染指数SPI评价了沉积物重金属的累积程度和生态潜在风险,并用主成分分析和相关分析方法探讨了重金属来源.结果表明:梁滩河沉积物As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg的质量分数变化范围分别处于(2.31~8.56)×10-6,(0.074~0.574)×10-6,(92.85~336.13)×10-6,(19.22~45.35)×10-6,(13.50~48.37)×10-6,(11.77~52.17)×10-6,(46.91~1035.30)×10-6和(0.012~0.229)×10-6.沉积物重金属生态潜在风险较低(SPI为1.11~6.90),但个别重金属累积污染严重,Cr和Zn累积达到超重污染;Cd、Hg在人口聚集地区达到中度污染.相关分析和主成分分析表明:河流污染治理工程实施后,沉积物重金属主要来自于城镇生活污染.     

Non-complete relief method for measuring surface stresses in surrounding rocks

The measurement of surface stresses in surrounding rocks with the use of a relief method of annular hole-drilling was studied by numerical analysis. The stress relief process by hole-drilling was then simulated with the use of finite element method. The influences of the borehole diameter（d）, the initial stresses and the ratio of the initial principle stresses on the variations of the remained stress and the released stress in function of the relief depth（h） were discussed. The relation between the non-dimensional ratio of the released principle strains and that of the initial principle stresses, and the effect of the elastic modulus and the Poisson ratio of the rock mass on the stress relief curves were studied. The results show that the stress relief behavior formulated with the non-dimensional ratio of the released stress and the ratio of h/d is only sensitive to the ratio of the initial principle stresses and the Poisson ratio. The stresses are completely released when h equals 1.6d, and the tensile stresses take place on the bore core surface in the relief measurement process. Finally, a non-complete relief method of annular hole-drilling for measuring surface stress in surrounding rocks is proposed and the procedure is presented.     

哈尔滨城市公交工况的构建

针对哈尔滨市开展新能源公交客车示范运行,客车动力系统的匹配及其优化问题,采用GPS设备对哈尔滨城市公交典型线路的运行工况进行了实测,将记录的车速曲线分割成运动片段,采用主成分分析法和聚类技术提炼了运动片段的特征,进而建立了哈尔滨城市公交工况,并分别与中国城市公交工况和曼哈顿城市公交工况的特征值进行对比分析.分析结果表明,哈尔滨城市公交工况的平均车速低于中国城市公交道路工况,平均加、减速等特征值则高于中国城市公交道路工况.怠速比例低于曼哈顿城市公交工况.建议公交车生产及研发部门采用哈尔滨市自身的公交行驶工况,匹配设计出更符合实际的新能源公交客车动力系统,并通过优化控制策略,进一步提高车辆行驶的经济性.