Short communication: Comparison of growth kinetics at different temperatures of Streptococcus macedonicus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains of dairy origin

Within the genus Streptococcus, S. thermophilus and S. macedonicus are the 2 known species related to foods. Streptococci are widely used as starter cultures to rapidly lower milk pH. As S. macedonicus has been introduced quite recently, much less information is available on its technological potential. Because temperature is an important factor in fermented food production, we compared the growth kinetics over 24 h of 8 S. thermophilus and 7 S. macedonicus strains isolated from various dairy environments in Italy, at 4 temperatures, 30°C, 34°C, 37°C and 42°C. We used the Gompertz model to estimate the 3 main growth parameters; namely, lag phase duration (λ), maximum growth rate (µ_max), and maximum cell number at the stationary phase (N_max). Our results showed significant differences in average growth kinetics between the 2 species. Among the strains tested, 37°C appeared to be the optimal temperature for the growth of both species, particularly for S. macedonicus strains, which showed mean shorter lag phases and higher cell numbers compared with S. thermophilus. Overall, the growth curves of S. macedonicus strains were more similar to each other whereas S. thermophilus strains grew very differently. These results help to better define and compare technological characteristics of the 2 species, in view of the potential use of S. macedonicus in place of S. thermophilus in selected technological applications.     

猕猴桃蛋白酶及发酵剂对马肉发酵香肠品质特性的影响

研究发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶对马肉发酵香肠品质的影响。以新鲜马肉为原料,添加发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶进行发酵,检测其对马肉发酵香肠pH值、水分活度（water activity,aw）、水分含量、色差以及硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值等的影响,并通过对成品进行感官评价确定发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶对其感官品质的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,发酵剂处理组（A组）显著降低了马肉发酵香肠的pH值、aw和TBA值,加快了水分含量的下降,提高了亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）,后期黄度值（b*）略有下降;与A组相比,发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶处理组（B组）提高了其pH值,降低了aw,加快了水分含量的下降,而对a*、L*、b*影响不大,对TBA值无显著影响;对成品的感官评价结果表明,B组马肉发酵香肠的口感较A组和对照组好。     

木糖葡萄球菌和肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂对腊肉品质的影响

以不添加发酵剂的腊肉为空白对照,从理化特性、微生物分析、感官评价、香气活性化合物组成及电子鼻分析角度,研究木糖葡萄球菌和肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂对腊肉品质的影响。结果表明,添加葡萄球菌混合发酵剂对产品的品质影响较大。与空白组比,葡萄球菌混合发酵剂可显著提高产品的酸价（2.12→3.28?mg/g）、蛋白质降解指数（16.32%→19.24%）、红度值a*（9.25→11.08）、香气和接受度得分及氨基酸代谢源香气活性化合物的种类和含量（3-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁酸）,同时显著降低产品的过氧化值（0.15→0.07?g/100?g）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物含量（0.25→0.17?mg/kg）和脂肪氧化源香气活性化合物的含量（己醛和壬醛）,而对成品的基本理化指标（水分含量、水分活度、pH值）没有显著影响。电子鼻传感器能够将2?组产品区分开,说明加入发酵剂后,腊肉的风味有所改变。因此,通过添加木糖葡萄球菌和肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂可以显著促进腊肉中蛋白质和脂肪的水解、改善产品的色泽,促进发酵风味快速形成,同时延缓脂肪氧化。     

Wheat Qu and Its Production Technology,Microbiota, Flavor,and Metabolites

Chinese rice wine (CRW) is an ancient wine with a moderate alcohol content; it has been prized in China for its color, sweet flavor profile, and is a national beverage typically used in banquets. Wheat Qu is the starter used to make CRW, and plays a vital role in the quality and flavor profile. This review details the raw materials and the wheat Qu manufacturing process, and recent information on wheat Qu microbiotas. The volatile compounds in wheat Qus and its flavor are also reviewed. Finally, the enzymes, and metabolites contained in wheat Qu, such as biogenic amines, are also discussed.     

不同酒曲酶系与发酵性能的比较研究

对红星酒曲、牛栏山酒曲、皇台酒曲和德山大曲酒曲进行了比较研究。结果表明,这4种酒曲中的淀粉和蛋白质含量较高。清香型牛栏山和红星酒曲的液化型淀粉酶、糖化酶和蛋白酶活力总体要高于浓香型德山大曲和皇台酒曲,红星酒曲和皇台酒曲的纤维素酶和脂肪酶分别显著高于牛栏山酒曲和德山大曲酒曲,但果胶酶和聚半乳糖酸酶活力差异均不显著。糖化醪与发酵醪相比,其主要成分有明显变化,发酵醪水分含量和酸度明显高于糖化醪,糖化醪经发酵后,还原糖和总糖急剧下降,酒曲的酒化力较高。红星酒曲所产白酒的酸度最高。皇台酒曲所产白酒的总酯含量显著高于红星和牛栏山白酒;甲醇含量均符合国家标准。     

发酵香肠与微生物发酵剂(二)

概括介绍了目前国内外关于发酵香肠的研究现状和今后的发展趋势。国外有关发酵香肠的研究主要集中在改进生产工艺和筛选及构建优良发酵剂菌种两方面；国内对发酵香肠的研究和开发处于起步阶段。发酵香肠类产品其本身所具有的特点决定了必将在我国受到消费者的欢迎。     

Capsule formation by nonropy starter cultures affects the viscoelastic properties of yogurt during structure formation

The aim of this work was to study the structure formation of yogurt made with cultures containing ropy Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (R), capsule-forming nonropy Streptococcus thermophilus (CNR), and noncapsule-forming nonropy cultures (NCNR). Similar gelation profiles were shown for milk fermented by ropy and nonropy lactic cultures. The gelation point occurred at lower pH values in milk fermented with R or NCNR compared to that of milk fermented with CNR culture. Differences between capsule forming ropy and nonropy cultures were observed in the aggregation behavior of the caseins. Gels made with R culture had the highest maximum in loss tangent (tan delta). However, this maximum occurred at the highest pH value when CNR culture was used. The earlier gelation of milk fermented by the encapsulated nonropy strain of Strep. thermophilus resulted in increased structure rearrangement as the pH dropped, interfering with the formation of a more compact structure.     

Influence of starter and nonstarter on the formation of biogenic amine in goat cheese during ripening

Two commercial starters were investigated for their potential ability to decarboxylate amino acids during goat cheese ripening. Two batches of goat cheese were produced with identical pasteurized milk but different starter cultures. One of them contained Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and the other Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. The amine contents, microbial counts, proteolysis-related parameters, pH, total solids and salt content were studied in raw materials and cheeses. In raw materials, polyamines were the prevailing amines, whereas the main amines in cheeses were putrescine, tryptamine and, in particular, tyramine (94.59 mg/kg). Aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and Lactococcus counts increased throughout ripening, while Enterobacteriaceae were no longer detectable in cheese after 30 days of ripening. Amine concentration rose during cheese ripening in both batches. Moreover, the decarboxylase activity of microorganisms isolated from samples during cheese ripening was assayed and discussed.     

肉制品发酵剂的研究进展

发酵剂以其具有独特的生理功能,被广泛应用于肉制品中。本文综述了肉制品发酵剂的起源,研究进展及常见的肉制品发酵剂,并对未来的研究作了展望。     

乳酸菌在酸奶中的应用及研究进展

该文对酸奶发酵剂的种类和研究概况以及保加利亚乳杆菌的研究进展进行了综述。