Effects of PCBM concentration on the electrical properties of the Au/P3HT:PCBM/n-Si (MPS) Schottky barrier diodes

In this study, the gold/poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester/n-type silicon (Au/P3HT:PCBM/n-Si) metal–polymer–semiconductor (MPS) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were investigated in terms of the effects of PCBM concentration on the electrical parameters. The forward and reverse bias current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the Au/P3HT:PCBM/n-Si MPS SBDs fabricated by using the different P3HT:PCBM mass ratios were studied in the dark, at room temperature. The main electrical parameters, such as ideality factor (n), barrier height (Φ_B0), series resistance (R_s), shunt resistance (R_sh), and density of interface states (N_ss) were determined from I–V characteristics for the different P3HT:PCBM mass ratios (2:1, 6:1 and 10:1) used diodes. The values of n, R_s, Φ_B0, and N_ss were reduced, while the carrier mobility and current were increased, by increasing the PCBM concentration in the P3HT:PCBM organic blend layer. The ideal values of electrical parameters were obtained for 2:1 P3HT:PCBM mass ratio used diode. This shows that the electrical properties of MPS diodes strongly depend on the PCBM concentration of the P3HT:PCBM organic layer. Moreover, increasing the PCBM concentration in P3HT:PCBM organic blend layer improves the quality of the Au/P3HT:PCBM/n-Si (MPS) SBDs which enables the fabrication of high-quality electronic and optoelectronic devices.     

基于多模激光关联光谱的甲烷气体检测技术

为提高多模激光吸收光谱的灵敏度,将多模二极 管激光关联光谱、长程吸收技术和波长调制光谱结合,建立了一 套具有高检测灵敏度和高稳定性的气体检测系统。采用1675nm多模激光器作为光源,以光程为100 m的离散镜片型 多通 池作为气体吸收池,利用甲烷的2ν₃泛频带吸收谱线,通过计 算待测气体和参考气体的二次谐波信号峰值之间的关系,实 现了对CH₄气体的测量。实验在室温和20.265 kPa(即0.2个标准大气压)条件下进行 ,CH₄浓度范围为1.00×10－5－1.10×10－2。实验结果表明,CH₄浓度测量值与真实值之间具有良好的线性关系, 其线性度为0.997,系统的测量准确度为 3.50%,对浓度为2.60×10－6的气体样 品在30 min内的连续测 量表明系统稳定度优于2.53%。本方法具有操作简单、稳定性 好、灵敏度高和环境适应性强等优点,在工业过程控制和环境监测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

压裂泵液力端阀箱内腔结构优化研究

压裂泵液力端阀箱内腔在加工完成后会自然形成相贯线,该相贯线位置存在严重的应力集中问题。这些位置也是液力端阀箱常见的开裂位置,虽然通过相贯线倒圆角的方式可以减小应力集中程度,但是应力减小的幅度不是十分明显。针对此问题,通过有限元仿真对比的方式进行了阀箱内腔优化研究,提出了减小阀箱内腔应力集中程度的技术方案,同时提出了应用该方案时应注意的一些问题。研究结果对于提高压裂泵液力端使用寿命及优化压裂泵液力端设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Damage to n-MOSFETs from electrical stress Relationship to processing damage and impact on device reliability

The study reported herein examines and compares damage to n-channel and p-channel metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) from direct current (d.c.) and alternating current (a.c.) electrical stresses as well as the relationship of this damage to plasma processing damage in MOSFETs. The lightly-doped drain (LDD) MOSFETs used are of 0.5 μm channel length and with a 90 Å thick thermally grown gate oxide fabricated using a full flow CMOS process up to and including metal-1 processes and post-metallization annealing (PMA). The damage to MOSFETs is assessed using transistor parameter characterization and charge-to-breakdown measurements on the gate oxide. It is found that manifestations of d.c. stress-induced damage and a.c. stress-induced damage to transistors are fairly similar in that both forms of damage are passivated by PMA and are reactivated by a subsequent d.c. electrical stress. However, a.c. stress-induced damage is observed to occur at much lower electric fields across the gate oxide than those necessary for d.c. stress-induced damage to be significant. This is attributed to a.c. currents, caused by carrier hopping, occurring at relatively low electric fields. One implication of our results is that plasma-charging damage, often attributed to d.c. electrical stress alone, may comprise an a.c. electrical stress component too.     

Chlorine auto-doping by chloride vapor phase epitaxial growth of InP

Chlorine auto-doping phenomenon was found for the first time in InP epitaxial growth by using a PCl₃/InP/H₂ system. Chlorine atoms act as a donor in the epitaxial layer and the carrier concentration is dependent on the facet of InP substrate. The carrier concentration of the InP layer on ( 111)B facet was over 10³ times higher than that on (111)A substrate.     

Continuity wave in the elongated bubble region of horizontal slug flow

Visualized observation on the wave feature in a horizontal slug flow was made with a high‐speed digital camera. It was found that the liquid film flow in the elongated bubble region of slug flow behaves as a continuity wave. Theoretical analysis was carried out and it reveals that the liquid film flow is a continuity wave with celerity the same as the translational velocity of the elongated bubble. The control equation for the liquid film height in the elongated bubble region was derived. The results predicted by the equation fit well with the observed data. A new conclusion was obtained that slug flow has continuity wave in it, explaining the stable slug flow wave characterization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(8): 547–554, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20092     

A volume element model (VEM) for energy systems engineering

This work presents a simplified modeling and simulation approach for energy systems engineering that is capable of providing quick and accurate responses during system design. For that, the laws of conservation are combined with available empirical and theoretical correlations to quantify the diverse types of flows that cross the system and produce a simplified tridimensional mathematical model, namely a volume element model (VEM). The physical domain of interest is discretized in space, thus producing a system of algebraic and ODEs with respect to time, whose solution delivers the project variables spatial distribution and dynamic response. In order to illustrate the application of the VEM in energy systems engineering, three example problems are considered: (i) a regenerative heat exchanger; (ii) a power electronic building block (PEBB); and (iii) a notional all‐electric ship. The same mathematical model was used to analyze problems (ii) and (iii), that is, the thermal management of heat‐generating equipment packaging. In the examples, the converged mesh had a total of 20, 2000, and 7725 volume elements. The third problem led to the largest simulation, which for steady‐state cases took between 5 and 10 min of computational time to reach convergence and for the ship dynamic response 50 min (i.e., 80,000 s of real time). The regenerative heat exchanger model demonstrated how VEM allowed for the coexistence of different phases (subsystems) within the same volume element. The thermal management model was adjusted and experimentally validated for the PEBB system, and it was possible to perform a parametric and dynamic analysis of the PEBB and of the notional all‐electric ship. Therefore, because of the observed combination of accuracy and low computational time, it is expected that the model could be used as an efficient tool for design, control, and optimization in energy systems engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flux pattern and fouling of membranes during ultrafiltration of some dairy products

The flux pattern of milk (whole milk, skimmed milk and buttermilk) showed a distinct contrast to whey (sweet whey and acid casein whey) systems during ultrafiltration (UF) at constant composition. For milk systems, the initial flux was lower than for whey systems, but the flux stabilised within a few minutes of operation. However, for both acid and sweet whey, the flux continued to fall with time for nearly 1 h. The fouling coefficient (FC) for buttermilk was 0.6 after 5 min, rising to 0.68 after 60 min. During this time flux did not decline, suggesting that concentration polarisation (CP), rather than fouling, was controlling the flux rate. In contrast, the FC for whey was 0.5 after 5 min with a progressive rise over the next 55 min, but the flux also fell throughout this period suggesting that flux was controlled by fouling rather than CP. The higher concentration of protein in milk systems appeared to be responsible for CP, rather than fouling, being the controlling mechanism.     

Fe2+∶ZnSe激光晶体光学吸收及激光输出性能

采用热扩散掺杂技术制备了Fe2+∶ZnSe晶体,测试晶体样品中铁离子浓度达1.27×1018cm-3。分析了Fe2+∶ZnSe晶体光谱的光学吸收特性,在室温条件下,采用2.90μm激光器泵浦Fe2+∶ZnSe晶体,获得了中心波长4.45μm,平均功率67 mW的中红外激光输出。     

基于激光吸收光谱技术的超声速气流参数测量

采用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术,针对超声速直连台隔离段内超声速气流温度、组分浓度、速度和质量流量进行了测量.选择H2O的两条吸收谱线7 185.597 cm-1和7 454.445 cm-1,采用直接吸收-分时扫描方式,测量流场静温为899 K,并结合吸收面积得到H2O的组分浓度20.7%.根据安装在流场上游和下游成60的两条光路,测量流场速度为1 205 m/s,结合壁面压力传感器,测量流场的质量流量为1 500.49 g/s,较真实值偏差为5.23%.TDLAS测量系统实现了对超声速气流多参数快速线测量.