Design,synthesis, structure,and stability of novel multi-principal element (Ti,Zr,Hf,W)C ceramic with a miscibility gap

Here we design a novel multi-principal element carbide system (Ti,Zr,Hf,W)C with a miscibility gap using computational tools and report on the formation of a single-phase (Ti,Zr,Hf,W)C after spark plasma sintering. The (Ti,Zr,Hf,W)C shows high nanohardness (32.7 GPa) and fracture toughness (5 MPa·m^1/2). Aging studies at 1350 °C for 100 h show that the single-phase carbide solid solution is quite stable even though this temperature is within the predicted miscibility gap of the system. Detailed electron microscopy characterization shows that phase separation has initiated with minor decomposition after aging by forming rock-salt (Ti,W)C- and (Zr,Hf)C-rich phases as well as hexagonal WC precipitates. We show that the (Ti,W)C- and (Zr,Hf)C-rich phases form a lamellar structure upon aging and the interlamellar spacing is considerably coarser than what has been previously found for the binary (Ti,Zr)C system. The decomposition kinetics, on the other hand, is sluggish due to the reduced driving force for phase decomposition.     

一种推出熵函数和热力学温标的新方法

本文从热力学第二定律的克劳修斯说法出发,并结合开尔文说法,推出了克劳修斯不等式.本文还得到了∮δQr/θ=0的充要条件(θ为温标未定时的温度,Qr为可逆热),并由此自然地引出了熵函数及热力学温标.     

不可逆量子斯特林热泵循环性能分析与优化

建立了以一维无限深势阱中极端相对论粒子为工质的不可逆量子斯特林热泵循环模型。考虑高低温热源之间的热漏,导出了循环的性能系数与无量纲泵热率的表达式。分析了循环性能与各性能参数之间的关系。研究发现,热泵的性能系数与无量纲泵热率都随粒子在状态1进处于激收态上的占有几度单调递减,性能系数与无量纲泵热率都是势阱宽度比的凸单调函数。无量纲泵热率关于性能系数的关系曲线为回原点的扭叶型,并确定了该不可逆量子斯特林热泵的最优运行区间。     

换热器热力学分析实例与节能途径

本文对换热器进行了热力学分析,找出了其能耗高的主要环节是换热过程不可逆因素引起的?损失,为改进设备和节能提供了途径.     

Exergy：热力学第二定律的实践者

大多数研读热力学的学生都对熵抽象的观念感到痛苦。尤其甚者,他们对热力学第二定律的陈述及如何应用都觉得困惑。这篇短文借着Smith等人著名热力学教科书上的范例阐述有效能量（Exergy）的观念,并进而彰显热力学第二定律的意涵。     

Ultrastable Host–Guest Complexes and Their Applications

This review describes monovalent synthetic receptor–ligand (or host–guest) pairs with extremely high binding affinity, comparable to that of the biotin–avidin pair, and their applications. Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), a member of the host family cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n=5–8, 10), forms ultrastable host–guest complexes with ferrocene-, adamantane- or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based molecules having ammonium groups properly positioned to interact with the carbonyl oxygens at the portals of CB[7]. The extremely high affinity is achieved by a large enthalpic gain arising from the near perfect size/shape complementarity between the rigid CB cavity and the rigid core of the guest molecules, with the critical assistance of the positive entropy change due to the extensive dehydration of the host and guest. The high stability of the complexes allowed us and others to explore several biological applications such as immobilization of biomolecules on a solid surface, protein isolation, triggering intracellular events, and regulating enzymatic activities. These complexes with their exceptional affinity, chemical robustness, simple preparation, biocompatibility, and easy handling may replace the biotin–(strept)avidin system in diverse areas of research, including affinity chromatography, high throughput biochemical assays, imaging, and sensor technologies.     

Computational screening of metal‐organic frameworks for xenon/krypton separation

A variety of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with varying linkers, topologies, pore sizes, and metal atoms were screened for xenon/krypton separation using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The results indicate that small pores with strong adsorption sites are desired to preferentially adsorb xenon over krypton in multicomponent adsorption. However, if the pore size is too small, it can significantly limit overall gas uptake, which is undesirable. Based on our simulations, MOF‐505 was identified as a promising material due to its increased xenon selectivity over a wider pressure range compared with other MOFs investigated. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

复杂材料的微相分离和结构演变

共聚高分子和表面活性剂系统常常能够形成不同尺度的复杂结构,在材料和生物技术领域具有广泛的用途.这种结构及其形成过程与自然界中大量存在的斑图及其演化过程具有非常类似的机理,受到不同学科研究者的广泛关注.在高分子系统的分子热力学、微相分离及结构演变过程领域已经开展了大量的研究工作,已成为凝聚态物理、高分子物理、统计力学理论和计算机模拟的热点之一.在分子尺度上,基于格子和自由空间的分子热力学模型、计算机分子模拟方法可以用于描述高分子系统的相平衡和分子的聚集形态.在介观尺度上,时间相关的Ginzberg-Landau理论、元胞动力学方法等可以有效地研究微相分离结构的演变过程及其受外场的影响.而耗散粒子动力学模拟则可以将分子尺度和介观尺度的研究结合起来,是一种跨尺度的研究方法.多尺度研究方法的发展将成为今后研究的重点.本文总结了该领域的某些研究进展.     

Kinetics of esterification of cycloaliphatic epoxies with methacrylic acid

The esterification of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins CER I and CER II containing glycidyl and cyclohexane epoxy groups, respectively, as their reactive units was carried out using a 1 : 0.9 stoichiometric ratio of resin and methacrylic acid in the presence of triphenylphosphine. The reaction was performed at 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100°C and it followed second‐order kinetics. The specific rate constants, calculated by regression analysis, were found to obey an Arrhenius expression. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, activation energy, frequency factor, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy of the reaction, revealed that the reaction was spontaneous and irreversible and produced a highly ordered activated complex. The reactivity of CER II was found to be higher than that of CER I. The difference in the reactivity of the cycloaliphatic epoxies was explained by proposing a reaction mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3197–3204, 2002