光学相干断层成像在眼后段检测中的应用

光学相干断层成像（OCT）是一种新型的,无损伤的光学成像技术,能够实现实时的纵向层析成像,在医学临床具有广泛的应用前景。本文探讨了其在眼后段检测中的应用。     

利用梯度下降极小惯量法的脑中线偏离度算法

大脑受到创伤后往往会伴随着结构的移位,而脑中线的移位程度对医生预估脑内压强、脑疝等脑部创伤后并发症的重要标准。本文以两位脑创伤患者在接受治疗期间内的影响资料为对象,研究了用梯度下降的极小惯量法计算大脑的理想对称轴,并与患者的实际脑中线相比较,归一化后脑中线偏离度随时间变化的趋势图与临床的症状完全吻合,因而对医生的临床判断具有重要意义。     

Coronary Artery Stenosis Quantification for Computed Tomography Angiography Based on Modified Student's t‐Mixture Model

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death in the world. As a non‐invasive imaging modality, computed tomography angiography (CTA) is now usually used in clinical practice for CAD diagnosis. Precise quantification of coronary stenosis is of great interest for diagnosis and treatment planning. In this paper, a novel cluster method based on a Modified Student's t‐Mixture Model is applied to separate the region of vessel lumen from other tissues. Then, the area of the vessel lumen in each slice is computed and the estimated value of it is fitted with a curve. Finally, the location and the level of the most stenoses are captured by comparing the calculated and fitted areas of the vessel. The proposed method has been applied to 17 clinical CTA datasets and the results have been compared with reference standard degrees of stenosis defined by an expert. The results of the experiment indicate that the proposed method can accurately quantify the stenosis of the coronary artery in CTA.     

一种判断气/固两相流流型的新方法

对于广泛应用于工业生产的气/固两相流,研制较好的仪器来测量其参数显得尤为重要。而且国内外许多学者都在致力于气/固两相流甚至多相流的研究,并取得了长足的进展。本文在简要介绍现阶段测量气/固两相流流型方法的前提下,提出一种新的判断气/固两相流流型方法。即基于概率密度定义,利用测量信号的均值进行直接判断。     

Calcite Prisms from Mollusk Shells (Atrina Rigida): Swiss‐cheese‐like Organic–Inorganic Single‐crystal Composites

Biogenic single‐crystal composites, such as sea urchin spines and calcitic prisms from mollusk shells, contain organic macromolecules inside of inorganic single‐crystal matrices. The nanoscale internal structure of these materials, however, is poorly understood, especially how the biomacromolecules are distributed within the crystals without significantly disrupting the crystalline lattice. Here, annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography reveal, in three dimensions, how biomacromolecules are distributed within the calcitic prisms from Atrina rigida shells. Disk‐like nanopatches, whose scattering intensity is consistent with organic inclusions, are observed to be anisotropically arranged within a continuous, single‐crystalline calcite matrix. These nanopatches are preferentially aligned with the (000l) planes of calcite. Along the crystallographic c‐axis, there are alternating organic‐rich and ‐poor regions on a length scale of tens of nanometers, while, in the ab plane, the distribution of nanopatches is more random and uniform. The structural features elucidated in this work have relevance to understanding the structure–property relationships and formation mechanisms of biominerals, as well as to the development of bio‐inspired strategies to extrinsically tune the properties of single‐crystals.     

激光扫描声学显微镜层析成像技术研究

为了获得被测物体三维信息同时具有较高的分辨率,在电子科技大学光电声学信息处理研究中心研制成功的激光扫描声学显微镜的基础上,通过检测电路、数据获取等方面进行的硬件改进以及相应的算法研究,结合层析技术获得层析扫描声学显微镜的样机。通过测试结果可以看出,层析扫描声学显微镜可以获得被测物体的内部层析图像信息,同时具有更高的分辨率。     

一种可实现入瞳位置不变的超广角扫频光相干层析成像系统

报道了一种可实现入瞳位置不变的超广角扫频光相干层析成像(OCT)系统,对成像系统的样品臂进行了建模和光学仿真,证实其可行性和有效性。设计并展示了一个超广角OCT成像系统,在仅改变振镜位置及透镜间距的情况下,实现了超过40°的眼底单次超大角度扫描,单次横向扫描范围覆盖眼底I区,有效增加了OCT单次扫描的成像范围。     

用于皮肤影像诊断的光学成像方法

皮肤影像学是利用现代成像技术手段对皮肤病进行无创、原位、动态、实时诊断的一门新兴技术学科。在过去十几年里作为医学影像学分支的皮肤影像学取得了长足的进步,包括皮肤镜等多种光学成像技术已经被广泛应用于临床疾病诊断。主要介绍了皮肤镜、皮肤共聚焦、多光子成像、光学相干层析成像以及光声成像等技术在皮肤影像学中的发展和应用。这5种技术能够实现原位、在体、实时的皮肤成像,可对可疑部位进行重复检查,并能不同程度地实现皮下组织的无损成像,为临床诊断提供了客观的评价依据。不断发展的皮肤影像学,与皮肤组织病理学相互促进、相互补充,势必将带动现代皮肤病学的飞跃发展。     

一种差分SAR层析高分辨成像方法

城区建筑的4维成像是差分SAR层析的重要应用领域之一。此种应用背景下,如何利用空间-时间2维平面内稀疏分布的观测数据,在保持方位向-距离向分辨率的同时实现高程向-形变速率向的高分辨成像是差分SAR层析面临的难点问题。在确定性点目标模型下,基于松弛(RELAX)算法,该文提出了一种适用于城区建筑目标的差分SAR层析高分辨成像方法。与统计模型下的空间谱估计方法相比,该方法无需多视处理,能够保持方位向-距离向分辨率。与奇异值分解方法相比,该方法具有更优的高程向-形变速率向分辨能力。在仿真实验和Envisat-ASAR实测数据处理中,该方法的有效性得到了验证。     

Flexible Nanosomes (SECosomes) Enable Efficient siRNA Delivery in Cultured Primary Skin Cells and in the Viable Epidermis of Ex Vivo Human Skin

The extent to which nanoscale‐engineered systems cross intact human skin and can exert pharmacological effects in viable epidermis is controversial. This research seeks to develop a new lipid‐based nanosome that enables the effective delivery of siRNA into human skin. The major finding is that an ultraflexible siRNA‐containing nanosome—prepared using DOTAP, cholesterol, sodium cholate, and 30% ethanol—penetrates into the epidermis of freshly excised intact human skin and is able to enter into the keratinocytes. The nanosomes, called surfactant‐ethanol‐cholesterol‐osomes (SECosomes), show excellent size, surface charge, morphology, deformability, transfection efficiency, stability, and skin penetration capacity after complexation with siRNA. Importantly, these nanosomes have ideal characteristics for siRNA encapsulation, in that the siRNA is stable for at least 4 weeks, they enable highly efficient transfection of in vitro cultured cells, and are shown to transport siRNA delivery through intact human skin where changes in the keratinocyte cell state are demonstrated. It is concluded that increasing flexibility in nanosomes greatly enhances their ability to cross the intact human epidermal membrane and to unload their payload into targeted epidermal cells.