苏里格气田上、下古生界气藏合采气井的集输工艺

随着苏里格气田下古生界气藏的不断开发,现有的集输工艺及场站建设已不能满足生产需要。为此,在综合分析该气田现有上古生界气藏气井的集输工艺和靖边气田下古生界气藏气井的集输工艺的基础上,根据苏里格气田目前完钻井的情况,选择了“小站脱水、天然气净化厂集中脱硫”的上、下古生界气藏合采气井集输工艺,确定了其主要工艺路线为：井下节流、中压串接、集中注醇、常温分离、集中处理。在对集输场站的流程、平面布置、设备选型进行分析后,确定了新的集气站流程：排污和放空共用一套系统,其余均分开设置,充分利用公用系统,减少下游处理装置负担;统筹考虑上古生界气藏气井的集输系统与上、下古生界气藏合采气井的集输系统,按照同类系统靠近布置的原则,重新进行集气站的平面部署;还对站内设备重新进行了选型,确定了中压系统下的抗硫生产设备。最后讨论了新集输工艺存在的问题及下一步研究方向。新的上、下古生界气藏合采气井的集输工艺和场站建设满足了气藏合采气井的开发要求,经济合理地解决了下古生界气藏含硫气的处理难题,为规模开发上、下古生界气藏奠定了基础。     

多文字可满足SAT问题的相变点上界

可满足(SAT)问题是指：是否存在一组布尔变元赋值,使得随机合取范式(CNF)公式中每个子句至少有1个文字为真。多文字可满足SAT问题是指：是否存在一组布尔变元赋值,使得随机CNF公式中每个子句至少有2个文字为真。此问题仍然是一个NP难问题。定义约束密度α为CNF公式子句数与变元数之比,对该问题的相变点上界α^*进行了研究。如果α>α^*,则多文字可满足SAT问题高概率不可满足。通过一阶矩一个简单的推断,可以证明α^*=-ln 2/ln(1-(k+1)/2^k),当k=3时,α^*=1。利用Kirousis等人的局部最大值技术,提升了多文字可满足3-SAT问题的相变点上界α^*=0.7193。最后,选择了大量数据进行实验验证,结果表明,理论结果与实验结果相吻合。     

上反射镜稳定系统机械谐振的分析

针对在上反射镜1／2机械传动过程中存在机械谐振的问题,提出抑制或消除机械谐振的方法。通过分析上反射镜稳定系统的控制结构模型,推导出其传递函数和动力学方程,结合上反射镜的实际结构,分析机械谐振产生的机理,讨论结构机械谐振频率与上反射镜稳定伺服系统带宽关系,并以某型号坦克车长镜为例进行验证分析。结果表明：整机系统没有出现失稳的现象,应在结构设计初期采取合理的设计及更先进的仿真,以抑制或消除机械谐振。     

偏瘫老人上肢功能延续性康复服务模式研究

目的 探索基于我国现有康复体系的偏瘫老人康复服务模式,通过完善康复服务平台并设计适用于居家康复的产品,实现偏瘫老人从医院回归家庭的康复延续性。方法 对北京地区医院、社区等服务组织和典型住宅小区失能老人实地调查,采用定性定量的研究方法,分析偏瘫老人生理、心理特点及康复服务需求,总结我国康复体系及北京偏瘫老人康复服务现状。运用服务设计方法,以偏瘫老人为核心,整合康复资源,进行社区康复服务与产品设计。结果 搭建出联结各方利益相关者的五方联动延续性偏瘫康复服务平台,实现医疗资源的角色分工及康复信息的双向顺畅传递;设计出一款与服务配套的智能上肢康复辅具,提供个性化康复训练方案,实现居家康复科学性。结论 以偏瘫上肢康复为例,整合创新延续性康复服务模式、平台和辅具的联动作用,为偏瘫老人居家康复提供可能,加快其功能康复进程。     

Taum Sauk抽水蓄能工程系列报道(Ⅲ)——Taum Sauk上水库的重建

Taum Sauk上水库重建工程主要是新建一座现代化的混凝土面对称碾压混凝土(RCC)坝来取代原有的土石坝.由于该坝是美国最大的RCC项目并采用了对称断面和相对低强度的RCC,设计中需要解决许多问题.文章总结了相关设计事项,并简要介绍了施工过程,供参考.     

Axiomatization and conditions for neighborhoods in a covering to form a partition

In this paper, we study the axiomatic issue of a type of covering upper approximation operations. This issue was proposed as an open problem. We also further some known results by using only a single covering approximation operator to characterize the conditions for neighborhood {N(x): x ∈ U} to form a partition of universe U.     

Effect of cycle time and duty cycle on psychophysically determined acceptable levels in a highly repetitive task

Psychophysical methodology has been used to develop guidelines for lifting and more recently similar methods have been applied to repetitive upper limb movements. While a range of cycle times are usually used, there is often no control for duty cycle. The purpose of this paper is to present psychophysically determined acceptable torques for a common upper limb task, with both cycle time and duty cycle conditions set by the researcher. Eight female participants, sitting at adjustable workstations, performed a simulated in-line screw running task. A computer-controlled torque motor applied a torque every 3, 6, 12 or 20?s with a duty cycle of 25, 50 or 83%. The participants worked with one set of conditions each day and self-selected the highest torque that they felt was acceptable without developing undue pain and discomfort. Duty cycle was found to significantly affect the amount of torque selected. With duty cycle controlled, cycle time was no longer found to have any significant effect on selected torque. Acceptable torques for 25, 50 and 83% duty cycles were 1.09, 0.9 and 0.73 Nm. Discomfort and stiffness were concentrated on the back of the hand and on the thumb web. These findings suggest that increased perception of discomfort with increased frequency (decreased cycle time) may be related to decreased rest/recovery time for muscles.     

Notebook computer use on a desk,lap and lap support: Effects on posture,performance and comfort

This study quantified postures of users working on a notebook computer situated in their lap and tested the effect of using a device designed to increase the height of the notebook when placed on the lap. A motion analysis system measured head, neck and upper extremity postures of 15 adults as they worked on a notebook computer placed on a desk (DESK), the lap (LAP) and a commercially available lapdesk (LAPDESK). Compared with the DESK, the LAP increased downwards head tilt 6° and wrist extension 8°. Shoulder flexion and ulnar deviation decreased 13° and 9°, respectively. Compared with the LAP, the LAPDESK decreased downwards head tilt 4°, neck flexion 2°, and wrist extension 9°. Users reported less discomfort and difficulty in the DESK configuration. Use of the lapdesk improved postures compared with the lap; however, all configurations resulted in high values of wrist extension, wrist deviation and downwards head tilt.

Statement of Relevance: This study quantifies postures of users working with a notebook computer in typical portable configurations. A better understanding of the postures assumed during notebook computer use can improve usage guidelines to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries     

Risk of musculoskeletal disorders among females and males in repetitive/constrained work

This paper combines epidemiological data on musculoskeletal morbidity in 40 female and 15 male occupational groups (questionnaire data 3720 females, 1241 males, physical examination data 1762 females, 915 males) in order to calculate risk for neck and upper limb disorders in repetitive/constrained vs. varied/mobile work and further to compare prevalence among office, industrial and non-office/non-industrial settings, as well as among jobs within these. Further, the paper aims to compare the risk of musculoskeletal disorders from repetitive/constrained work between females and males. Prevalence ratios (PR) for repetitive/constrained vs. varied/mobile work were in neck/shoulders: 12-month complaints females 1.2, males 1.1, diagnoses at the physical examination 2.3 and 2.3. In elbows/hands PRs for complaints were 1.7 and 1.6, for diagnoses 3.0 and 3.4. Tension neck syndrome, cervicalgia, shoulder tendonitis, acromioclavicular syndrome, medial epicondylitis and carpal tunnel syndrome showed PRs > 2. In neck/shoulders PRs were similar across office, industrial and non-office/non-industrial settings, in elbows/hands, especially among males, somewhat higher in industrial work. There was a heterogeneity within the different settings (estimated by bootstrapping), indicating higher PRs for some groups. As in most studies, musculoskeletal disorders were more prevalent among females than among males. Interestingly, though, the PRs for repetitive/constrained work vs. varied/mobile were for most measures approximately the same for both genders. In conclusion, repetitive/constrained work showed elevated risks when compared to varied/mobile work in all settings. Females and males showed similar risk elevations. This article enables comparison of risk of musculoskeletal disorders among many different occupations in industrial, office and other settings, when using standardised case definitions. It confirms that repetitive/constrained work is harmful not only in industrial but also in office and non-office/non-industrial settings. The reported data can be used for comparison with future studies.     

Individual finger contribution in submaximal voluntary contraction of gripping

The objective of this study was to evaluate individual finger force and contribution to a gripping force, the difference between actual and expected finger forces and subjective discomfort rating at 10 different submaximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) levels (10–100% in 10 increments). Seventy-two participants randomly exerted gripping force with a multi-finger force measurement system. The individual finger force, gripping force and discomfort increased as %MVC levels increased. The middle and ring fingers exerted more force and contributed to a gripping force more than the index and little fingers due to their larger mass fractions of the digit flexor muscles. It was apparent at <50% MVC; however, the index finger increased its contribution and exerted even more force than expected at more than 50% MVC. Subjective discomfort supported the results of the objective measures. This could explain the conflicting findings between index and ring fingers in previous finger contribution studies.

Statement of Relevance: Hand tool design is of special interest in ergonomics due to its association with musculoskeletal disorders in the hand. This study reveals a different contribution pattern of the fingers in submaximal voluntary contraction of gripping exertion.