Determinants of internal and external R&D offshoring: evidence from Spanish firms

This paper analyses the determinants of R&D offshoring of Spanish firms using information from the Panel of Technological Innovation. We find that being an exporter, international technological cooperation, continuous R&D engagement, applying for patents, being a foreign subsidiary, and firm size are factors that positively affect the decision to offshore R&D. In addition, we find that a lack of financing is an obstacle relatively more important for independent firms than for firms that belong to business groups. For these latter, we also obtain that the factors that influence the decision to offshore R&D differ depending on whether the firm purchases the R&D services within the group or through the market: a higher degree of importance assigned to internal sources of information for innovation as compared to market sources increases (decreases) the probability of R&D offshoring only through the group (market).     

Joint pricing and advertising strategy with reference price effect

Consumers are susceptible to reference price effects when they make purchase decisions for a certain product. Meanwhile, the sales price and advertisement are the determinable factors that have impact on consumers’ reference price which are also fundamental marketing strategies. Therefore, how to determine an appropriate sales price and advertising effort level to maximise firms’ profits is an essential task. A joint pricing and advertising problem for a monopolistic firm with consideration of reference price effect is investigated, where consumer demand rate is price-sensitivity and depends on the gap between the sales price and the reference price in consumers’ mind. An optimisation model is established to maximise the firm’s total profit by making a joint pricing and advertising strategy. The static and dynamic joint strategies are obtained by applying Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Results show that the dynamic strategies dominate the static ones. Furthermore, the dynamic pricing and dynamic advertising strategies are strategic complements. Additionally, the length of the sales period plays a key role in determining the superiority of the two dynamic strategies. Specifically, a relatively short sales period highlights the value of the dynamic advertising while a long sales period strengthens the function of the dynamic pricing.     

奇异值分解视频水印嵌入与检测及安全性测试

文章针对目前现有的基于小波变换和奇异值分解相结合的数字水印算法存在的缺陷,提出了一种新的视频水印算法:以二值图像为水印的混合整数小波变换和奇异值分解的视频水印盲提取算法,重点论述了奇异值分解的视频水印嵌入与检测以及安全性的测试.实验表明,提出的新算法具有较好的高透明性和鲁棒性.     

基于听觉效果的数字音频水印算法的设计

为了提高音频水印嵌入的数据量和嵌入的效果,提出了一种基于人耳听觉效果的数字音频水印嵌入算法;该算法利用人耳对声音的滞后掩蔽效应,在声音中的一些被屏蔽掉的区域嵌入水印信息,达到扩大水印信息量和减少对音频信息的影响;设计的算法采用过零率和音频信号能量实现水印的嵌入,使用同步信号实现水印信息的定位,利用水印信号和帧段数量的相互关系来实现水印的提取;测试结果表明,该算法具有较强的鲁棒性,能够抵御典型的水印攻击技术。     

基于BTC与秘密共享的图像水印算法

结合块截短编码与秘密共享,提出一种新的鲁棒图像水印算法。该算法利用BTC编码由原图像构建特征共享,利用水印图像与特征共享一起生成私有共享。由待验证图像构建的特征共享与私有共享一起恢复水印图像。私有共享的生成与特征共享有关,可实现对同一图像的多水印注册。特征共享的稳健性确保了算法的水印鲁棒性,水印嵌入没有引起图像质量的改变。实验结果表明该算法对一般信号处理攻击有较高的鲁棒性。     

低对比度下水印图像缺陷检测

在主成分分析(PCA)及核主成分分析(KPCA)进行特征提取基本原理的基础上,提出了一种改进的提取非线性的图像特征来重建图像方法,应用于嵌入式防伪水印图案缺陷的检测。该方法使得图像协方差矩阵维数大幅下降,且有效地保留了嵌入式防伪水印图案的信息,通过比较检测出图像的缺陷。实验结果表明,该方法对输入数据实现了有效的降维,缩短了计算时间,提高了检测效果和精确度。KPCA算法相比原有的PCA算法具有更高的性能指标,适用范围更广。     

基于混沌的DCT变换域数字水印算法

该算法一方面利用强混沌系统理论中的环形自同构系统对作为水印信息的二值图像进行置乱,另一方面对载体的灰度图像进行分块DCT变换,之后用JPEG标准中的较大压缩率情况下的量化矩阵量化DCT系数。用量化后不为零的DCT系数的统计特征来实现置乱后的水印信息的嵌入。结果表明,该算法较好地解决了鲁棒性（特别对JPEG压缩）和视觉不可见性。     

徽商文化在建筑与装饰设计中的体现

本文介绍了徽商形成的原因,分析了徽商文化的基本特征,重点论述在徽商私宅建筑与装饰的几种典型设计形式中体现出徽商文化影响的痕迹,并指出徽商中"贾而好儒"的思想是形成徽州建筑与装饰设计中典型形式出现的深层次原因。     

针织童装造型语言的形式和内容初探

针织童装造型语言和其他语言形式一样是语音和语义有机结合的系统,也就是形式和内容的统一。文章从语言学的角度来解读这个特殊的设计艺术语言的内容和形式,可以发现它有着语言的一般属性,同时也有针织童装造型特有的语言特征,它有着借鉴语言的理论基础,但也存在着自身形式的限制。也许从语言的角度阅读、诠释针织童装造型的理念,是更本色、更切入本质的对造型语言的传承和对人文本身的关怀。     

瞬间永恒——天津国庆彩车展演服装设计中的思考

人物展演服装设计,是天津国庆彩车整体设计系统中的重要组成部分。文章从主题设计、意象表现与造型特点等角度分析了天津国庆彩车中展演服装设计的特质与创意点,指出展演服装设计的关键在于准确定位,并以服装设计独特的艺术语言表述其它设计元素所不能表达的语意内涵。