A load flow method for weakly meshed distribution networks using powers as flow variables

The relationship between the branch powers and the node-injection powers were developed with the node-branch incidence matrix. Then based on two accurate formulas to estimate the voltage drop and angle difference, a new load flow algorithm for weakly meshed distribution systems was presented. By using active and reactive power rather than complex currents as flow variables, the algorithm reduces the computational complexity and has higher efficiency. Moreover, in order to deal with the PV nodes, a new solution was introduced based on Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. The solution deduced an accurate calculation formula to update the reactive power injections of PV nodes at each iteration and to fix voltage magnitude of PV nodes at specified values. The proposed load flow algorithm is essentially still belongs to the loop-analysis based method and has a strong ability to deal with meshed network. It reduces the iteration number and has a faster calculation speed even when network becomes more meshed and has more PV nodes. The numerical tests proved that the new method is robust and has excellent convergence characteristics.     

Detailing the Walled Garden for Lebbeus

Neil Spiller , the Hawksmoor Chair of Architecture and Landscape and Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor of the University of Greenwich, London, has an unrivalled international reputation for the virtuosity of his visionary graphic work. Here, in a highly personal and poetic eulogy to Lebbeus Woods, Spiller pays tribute to his master through the lens of his own work, where detail becomes an important element in an imagined, augmented world in which the concrete or the specific lends credence to the fictional.     

Digital Doppelgängers: Future Scanscapes

Over the course of the last two years, ScanLAB Projects have explored various fragments of the natural and man-made world through the eyes of their forensic measuring machine. From surface mapping of Arctic ice floes in the Fram Strait (gateway to the Arctic) to the documentation of torture and detention sites in the Balkans, via the accidental editing of a Richard Long sculpture, to purposeful acts of detail theft from Foster and Wren. Here, Matthew Shaw and William Trossell discuss the capture, analysis and refabrication of their digital architectural doppelgängers.     

What We Want Is in That Room

Ilona Gaynor and Benedict Singleton , founding partners of design and research studio The Department of No, look beyond the specific technological possibilities of acute accuracy and explore the principle of zero tolerance as an aesthetic of precision. How is such an aesthetic at work when an architectural strategy places a heightened emphasis on the exact placement of objects in space and time? Could the precision in which a single spatial intervention is pursued have more fundamental and far-reaching consequences than we ever imagined?     

The Rise of the ‘Invisible Detail’: Ubiquitous Computing and the ‘Minimum Meaningful’

The architectural detail has provided the essential material building block for conveying an idea. Carlo Ratti and Matthew Claudel of the SENSEable City Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ask how this, though, is all set to change in a digital context. As technologies shrink and vanish from sight, what might become the new minimum meaningful unit for architecture? How might a new relational scale establish itself, at the level of the ‘invisible detail’ or the microchip? How might this, in turn, change the very nature of buildings as they become highly responsive, human-occupied transmitters?     

In-Situ Fabrication: Mobile Robotic Units on Construction Sites

Enabling the robotic fabrication of building elements directly on a construction site, in-situ fabrication is a radical and novel approach to the application of digital fabrication in architecture. Volker Helm of ETH Zurich describes how an on-site unit, developed with Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler in the Architecture and Digital Fabrication department at the university, offers the first-ever generic robot with applications in a wide range of processes, providing the means of investigating the requirements and capacities involved in non-standardised fabrication.     

中国共产党党组的自主性问题研究

中国共产党党组（简称中共党组）作为中国共产党（简称中共）组织体系中的一种次级组织,是实现党对国家政权（或其他非党组织）领导的重要制度安排。从组织间领导关系看,中共党组从属于产生它的党组织。从实际功能发挥看,中共党组具有自主性。从党内文献看,对中共党组从属性的强调是一以贯之的,对中共党组自主性的研究则较为薄弱。本文依据中共党组在政治实践中的表现探讨中共党组的自主性问题,以深化对中共党组制度的研究。