TRIME-T3管式TDR土壤水分测定系统在宁夏泾源地区的标定研究

通过对比TDR(时域反射仪)法与烘干称重法测定土壤含水率,针对TDR在宁夏泾源县的土壤水分测定进行了标定及适用性研究.结果表明,TRIME-T3 TDR不适用于精确的表层土壤含水率的测定;在TDR标定过程中采用分段标定的方法能够取得相关性更好的标定方程.     

砾石土质条件下葡萄滴灌生育期土壤含水率变化规律研究

为探究酿酒葡萄在砾石土质条件下的土壤含水率变化规律及合理灌溉制度,选取贺兰山东麓砾石土典型试验区,以五年生赤霞珠品种为研究对象,设计2 550、2 850、3 225、3 600 m3/hm24个不同定额的灌水处理,应用TDR土壤水分剖面仪和土壤水势仪,监测生育期滴灌前后不同土层含水率与水势变化,针对监测数据从灌水处理整体与单个生育期不同角度进行分析,研究酿酒葡萄在砾石土条件下不同滴灌定额土壤含水率变化规律,最终提出生育期适宜灌溉制度。研究结果表明:随着灌溉定额的增加,土壤含水率在0~40cm土层范围内变化较明显;不同深度土层土壤水势变化规律与灌溉定额的大小有关;1m深土壤水分蓄存比并不是随着灌水量的增加而增大,而是当灌水量达到某一定额时,随着灌水量的增加,土壤水分蓄存比减小,砾石土单次灌水量高于300 m3/hm2时,土壤水分蓄存比较低,易产生深层渗漏。     

杭州下沙土壤Pb、Zn、Cu的环境质量评价

对杭州下沙区土壤中酸碱度和铅、锌、铜进行监测分析,并使用单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法评价该区土壤环境质量状况。结果表明下沙区土壤偏碱性,重金属含量超过该区本底值,各区域土壤重金属含量关系从高到低依次为工业区、绿地、商业区、高教区。     

非生育期春灌灌水量对土壤盐分变化的影响

通过田间小区试验,分析3个不同滴灌棉田春灌灌水量1350、1800和2250 m3/hm2对盐分变化的影响。试验表明:在相同灌水量下,宽行、窄行和膜间3个不同行距的脱盐效果,宽行最好;3个灌水量下,1800 m3/hm2的灌水量对盐分淋洗效果较好。此结果可为当地春灌提供指导,对制定灌溉制度有一定的借鉴作用。     

孕酮在土壤中的降解特征及影响因素研究

通过室内恒温培养实验,模拟研究了在不同土壤含水量(15%,25%,淹水)和不同环境温度(—10,—10~10,10及20℃)条件下,孕酮在我国黑土、潮土和红壤中的降解特征.结果表明:孕酮在不同类型土壤中的降解符合一级动力学模型;在黑土和潮土中降解较快,半衰期为2.37~4.92 d,而在红壤中降解较慢,半衰期为4.90~32.39 d;3种土壤灭菌后的孕酮降解半衰期均远远大于未灭菌土壤,分别是未灭菌土壤的24.7,23.2和3.2倍;土壤中孕酮的降解速度随含水量和温度的升高而加快,当土壤中水的质量分数由15%增加至淹水状态时,3种土壤中孕酮降解半衰期分别从4.92,4.07和32.39 d缩减至2.37,2.86和4.90 d,环境温度由10℃升高至20℃时,黑土中孕酮降解半衰期从9.51 d缩减至2.46 d.可见,微生物是影响孕酮在土壤中降解的主要因素,较高的土壤含水量和环境温度对孕酮的降解有促进作用.     

变热流工况土壤导热系数对热恢复特性的影响研究

土壤热恢复特性是土壤源热泵长期稳定高效运行的决定性因素之一.土壤导热系数是土壤热物性最重要的参数之一,对土壤的热恢复特性具有决定性意义.利用ANSYS有限元分析模型,模拟研究在变热流工况下,土壤的导热系数对土壤热恢复特性的影响.     

Cadmium in agricultural soils,vegetables and rice and potential health risk in vicinity of Dabaoshan Mine in Shaoguan,China

Soil cadmium （Cd） contamination resulted from mining and smelting is a major environmental concern,and health risk associated with Cd exposure to multi-media through muti-pathway is increasing.Cd concentrations in soils,vegetables and paddy rice were investigated,and potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks exposure to Cd were estimated at six villages around the Dabaoshan Mine,South China.A total of 87 soil samples were found to exceed the China＇s maximum permission level （MPL） for Cd,while the highest value of 4.42 mg/kg was found near irrigation ditch associated with Hengshi River in Xinyi （XY） Village.Cd contents in vegetables and rice exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by more than five times in every village.Cadmium accumulation in plants is in the order of celery 〉 lactuca sativa L 〉 Chinese cabbage 〉 Romaine lettuce 〉 asparagus lettuce 〉 mustard 〉 cabbage mustard 〉 cabbage.The mean hazard quotient （HQ） of all villages is in the range of [5.29,25.75],and the mean values of cancer risk for investigated areas are more than 10 times greater than the USEPA （2009） threshold limit value of 10-4.Moreover,human non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are mainly attributable to paddy rice intake,followed by vegetables intake,soil ingestion,inhalation,and dermal contact.The results indicate that Cd has a huge potential risk on human health for the local residents.     

Influence of thinning on acidic deposition in Chinese fir plantations简

Acidic deposition,which is mainly caused by atmospheric pollution,is one of the global environmental problems.Thinning is an effective management to improve the tree productivity,reduce the wildfire risk and maintain a healthy forest.Since thinning may reduce the effect of acidic deposition,the effect of thinning on acidic deposition was estimated.The biomass,soil properties,pH value of runoff and groundwater in both unthinned and thinned Chinese fir plantations were measured and compared over a 5-year period（2-6 years after thinning）.The results indicated that acidic deposition in the Huitong State Ecosystem Research Station was serious,and it got worse with time.Forest thinning resulted in a huge change in biomass and soil properties.During the 5-year monitoring period,biomasses of understory and litter,plant species richness,coverage of undergrowth plant layer were significantly higher in thinned site than in unthinned site.Moreover,higher soil fertility as well as lower amounts of runoff and groundwater were found in thinned site.It was suggested that thinning could improve the structure of forest,leading to restoring the effluent（runoff and groundwater） pH to the normal value.     

成都地区土壤源热泵“火用”经济性分析与比较

本文运用“火用”经济性分析方法将土壤源热泵系统与成都地区常规中央空调系统（燃气锅炉＋冷水机组）进行比较,同时将“火用”经济性分析法同传统的“能”分析法进行比较,得出土壤源热泵的单位冷（热）“火用”成本都比传统中央空调系统（燃气锅炉＋冷水机组）低。为成都地区推广和使用土壤源热泵提供一定的理论依据。     

考虑土壤大孔隙的下渗模型构建及验证

土壤大孔隙是土壤中一种普通存在的现象,土壤大孔隙体积虽然仅占土壤体积的0.1%~5%,但却很大程度上影响着水分及溶质在土壤中的运移.从物理机制出发,构建了考虑土壤大孔隙的下渗模型.将土壤分为基质流区、贯穿大孔隙流区和内集水流区.假定基质中的水流符合达西定律,贯穿大孔隙域的水流通过运动波方程来描述,内集水区为一端封闭的贯穿大孔隙,采用一维水平入渗方程描述大孔隙中的水入渗到土壤基质中.联立3个流区的水流方程,采用有限差分法求解该模型.最后利用人工模拟降雨实验验证所建模型的有效性.结果表明,所建下渗模型能够较好反映大孔隙土壤下渗过程.