2008年上半年中国硫磺市场分析

对2008年上半年我国硫磺进口及国内销售情况进行统计分析.与去年同期相比,上半年我国硫磺进口量增长3.5%,进口价格及国内销售价格均保持上涨趋势.我国主要的硫磺进口国为加拿大、沙特阿拉伯和伊朗,进口海关集中在南通、防城、湛江及青岛港,下游采购集中在江苏、云南、贵州、山东及湖北等省.目前国际硫磺报价坚挺,我国进口硫磺价格仍高位运行.     

2008年全国瓷砖产业发展形势分析

2008年我国瓷砖产业形势发展跌宕起伏,一方面瓷砖产能产量继续上升。另一方面国内销售不断下降,在金融海啸肆虐的2008年里,我国瓷砖产品出口持续增长,平均单价进一步上升,2008年瓷砖行业的产业转移与扩张、营销策略、市场区域化、反倾销诉讼、中国名牌、行业新标准等问题备受关注。笔者意在分析解读2008年全国瓷砖产业发展形势。     

Cultivating Smartcities

On 9 April 2009, Michelle Obama planted the first seedlings of onion, lettuce, peas and peppers in the 102-square-metre (1,100-square-foot) White House Kitchen Garden. She may have planted the green shoots for a smartcity. CJ Lim , author of Smartcities + Eco-warriors (Routledge, 2010), describes sustainable urban developments in the form of smartcities – a new urban exuberance reintegrating cultivated land within an urban economic and ecological context system. These verdant edible edifices of urban spatial theatre are aesthetically and culturally engaging. Soliciting an emotional as well as intellectual response they have the potential to connect with the public and involve them in the architectural possibilities of the city. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Go Brown: Inner-Disciplinary Conjectures

The relationship of society to its excrement is telling at both a cultural and social level. The notion of green architecture with its emphasis on the naturally pure has so far eschewed waste as a primary generative material. Alexandros Tsamis here invokes a more inclusive notion of the environment in which by-product becomes intrinsic to any project. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

(Science) Fiction,Ecophysical Apparatus and Skizoid Machines: Animism,Vitalism and Machinism as a Way to Rearticulate the Need to Confront the Unknown in a Contradictory Manner

François Roche of R&Sie(n) ruminates on the contradictory nature of the present: a time that is ‘vibrating’ while ultimately ‘lacking momentum’. Reclaiming ‘the scenarios and substances that condition architecture’, he rejects the large-scale flights of fancy of international signature architects and argues for the reactivation of ‘a throbbing, complex and unfinished “localism”’. In so doing, he advocates a machinism that enables fictionalisation and speculation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Encoding Material

Gramazio & Kohler's work in the faculty of Architecture and Digital Fabrication at ETH Zurich is renowned for its pioneering work with industrial robots. Here, Fabio Gramazio, Matthias Kohler and Silvan Oesterle describe how the integration of fabrication-relevant decisions into encoded designs enables the control of complex interactions between material elements and facilitates the direct generation of machine data, as epitomised by their West Fest Pavilion project. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing Copy Number of MON 810 Integrations in Commercial Seed Maize Varieties by 5′ Event-Specific Real-Time PCR Validated Method Coupled to 2^{ - \Delta \Delta CT} Analysis

The objective of the present study was to assess the applicability of the MON 810 5′ event-specific method validated by the Community Reference Laboratory for Genetically Modified Food and Feed that is commonly used for quantitative purposes. This 5′ event-specific/hmg-taxon gene real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol coupled to 2008_9036_Article_IEq2.gif" alt="$$2^{ - \Delta \Delta CT} $$" align="middle" border="0"> analysis was the chosen approach to determine the MON 810 insert copy number per haploid genome across 26 genetically modified commercial maize varieties. Variety DK 513 containing one copy integration per haploid genome was used as calibrator in each assay. Complementary data from end-point real-time PCRs that targeted specifically the MON 810 insert were also analyzed. Global results assessed and guaranteed the genetic intactness of the transgenic integration per haploid genome for 24 out of the 26 commercial varieties studied, which showed no significant differences between 2008_9036_Article_IEq3.gif" alt="$$2^{ - \Delta \Delta CT} $$" align="middle" border="0"> values respect to the calibrator value. Conversely, two varieties showed no intact transgenic insert in their genomes. This validated analytical method was suitable for MON 810 detection and quantification purposes.     

The Peak of the Oil Age – Analyzing the world oil production Reference Scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008

The assessment of future global oil production presented in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2008 (WEO 2008) is divided into 6 fractions; four relate to crude oil, one to non-conventional oil, and the final fraction is natural-gas-liquids (NGL). Using the production parameter, depletion-rate-of-recoverable-resources, we have analyzed the four crude oil fractions and found that the 75 Mb/d of crude oil production forecast for year 2030 appears significantly overstated, and is more likely to be in the region of 55 Mb/d. Moreover, analysis of the other fractions strongly suggests lower than expected production levels. In total, our analysis points to a world oil supply in 2030 of 75 Mb/d, some 26 Mb/d lower than the IEA predicts.     

Accurate experimental (p, ρ, T) data of natural gas mixtures for the assessment of reference equations of state when dealing with hydrogen-enriched natural gas

The GERG-2008 equation of state is the approved ISO standard (ISO 20765-2) for the calculation of thermophysical properties of natural gas mixtures. The composition of natural gas can vary considerably due to the diversity of origin. Further diversification was generated by adding hydrogen, biogas, or other non-conventional energy gases. In this work, high-precision experimental (p, ρ, T) data for two gravimetrically prepared synthetic natural gas mixtures are reported. One mixture resembled a conventional natural gas of 11 components (11 M) with a nominal mixture composition (amount-of-substance fraction) of 0.8845 for methane as the matrix compound with the other compounds being 0.005 for oxygen, 0.04 for nitrogen, 0.015 for carbon dioxide, 0.04 for ethane, 0.01 for propane, 0.002 each for n- and isobutane, and ultimately 0.0005 each for isopentane, n-pentane, and n-hexane. The other mixture was a 13-component hydrogen-enriched natural gas with a low calorific value featuring a nominal composition of 0.7885 for methane, 0.03 for hydrogen, 0.005 for helium, 0.12 for nitrogen, 0.04 for carbon dioxide, 0.0075 for ethane, 0.003 for propane, 0.002 each for n- and isobutane, and 0.0005 each for neopentane, isopentane, n-pentane, and n-hexane. Density measurements were performed in an isothermal operational mode at temperatures between 260 and 350 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. The data were compared with the corresponding densities calculated from both GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92 equations of state to test their performance on real mixtures. The average absolute deviation from GERG-2008 (AGA8-DC92) is 0.027% (0.078%) for 11 M and 0.095% (0.062%) for the 13-component H₂-enriched mixture, respectively. The corresponding maximum relative deviation from GERG-2008 (AGA8-DC92) amounts to 0.095% (0.127%) for 11 M and 0.291% (0.193%) for the H₂-enriched mixture.     

Optimum sizing of photovoltaic battery systems incorporating uncertainty through design space approach

Photovoltaic-battery system is an option for decentralized power generation for isolated locations receiving abundant sunshine. A methodology for the optimum sizing of photovoltaic-battery system for remote electrification incorporating the uncertainty associated with solar insolation is proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is based on the design space approach involving a time series simulation of the entire system. The design space approach was originally proposed for sizing of the system with deterministic resource and demand. In the present paper, chance constrained programming approach has been utilized for incorporating the resource uncertainty in the system sizing and the concept of design space is extended to incorporate resource uncertainty. The set of all feasible design configurations is represented by a sizing curve. The sizing curve for a given confidence level, connects the combinations of the photovoltaic array ratings and the corresponding minimum battery capacities capable of meeting the specified load, plotted on an array rating vs. battery capacity diagram.The methodology is validated using a sequential Monte Carlo simulation approach with illustrative examples. It is shown that for the case of constant coefficient of variation of solar insolation, the set of sizing curves for different confidence levels may be represented by a generalized curve. Selection of optimum system configuration for different reliability levels based on the minimum cost of energy is also presented. The effect of ambient temperature on sizing a stand-alone photovoltaic-battery system is also illustrated through a representative example.