基于购物者行为分析的商业建筑公共空间环境评价——以武汉光谷步行街为例

该文利用使用后评价(Post Occupancy Evalucation,简称POE)的主要方法:访谈法、观察法和问卷法,对光谷步行街公共空间的典型活动进行了调查,找出影响其空间使用的主要因素并对其评价,对类似商业建筑公共空间的设计及改善提出了建议。     

基于商业建筑中庭类型的生态设计策略探讨--以夏热冬冷地区为例

本文以夏热冬冷地区的商业建筑为例，以“被动优先”为原则，探讨不同中庭类型的朝向布局、自然采光通风与遮阳等生态策略的运用，以达到改善商业建筑室内环境与减少能源消耗的目的。     

Numerical study on smoke movement driven by pure helium in atria

The hot smoke test is often used for commissioning fire smoke management system in atrium buildings, in which liquid fuel is burnt to generate a buoyant plume mixed with artificial tracer smoke to model a fire smoke. The method is usually costly and often causes safety concerns. This paper studied an alternative method of using a cold smoke test, in which pure helium is used to create the buoyant plume. A method was developed to determine the supply rate of pure helium necessary to achieve the same buoyancy effect as that of the corresponding hot smoke test. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the helium smoke tests were conducted and compared to the measured hot smoke tests in a full-scale naturally ventilated atrium and a sub-scale atrium with mechanical ventilation. A new method was added in the CFD model to track the smoke layer height for the simulations of helium smoke based on the concentrations of smoke and helium. It is found that the predicted smoke layer heights based on the mass fractions of the tracer smoke are generally close to the measured ones in the hot smoke tests of different heat release rates. A non-dimensional temperature in the hot smoke test is also found closely related to the dimensionless helium concentrations in the helium smoke test for the atria modeled. Although the consumption of pure helium for a full-scale helium smoke test can be very high, it is promising to use the pure helium smoke test in the lab-scale experiments as the preliminary tests of full-scale and/or lab-scale testing of real fires.     

Energy performance and thermal comfort of courtyard/atrium dwellings in the Netherlands in the light of climate change

With increased global concerns on climate change, the need for innovative spaces which can provide thermal comfort and energy efficiency is also increasing. This paper analyses the effects of transitional spaces on energy performance and indoor thermal comfort of low-rise dwellings in the Netherlands, at present and projected in 2050. For this analysis the four climate scenarios for 2050 from the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI) were used. Including a courtyard within a Dutch terraced dwelling on the one hand showed an increase in annual heating energy demand but on the other hand a decrease in the number of summer discomfort hours. An atrium integrated into a Dutch terraced dwelling reduced the heating demand but increased the number of discomfort hours in summer. Analysing the monthly energy performance, comfort hours and the climate scenarios indicated that using an open courtyard May through October and an atrium, i.e. a covered courtyard, in the rest of the year establishes an optimum balance between energy use and summer comfort for the severest climate scenario.     

A model for the three-dimensional reconstruction and animation of the human heart

This paper presents a strategy for the production of a computer-generated film showing the complete motion of a human heart. The model for construction and animation is discussed. The heart is decomposed into different parts; each part is considered as a subactor of the heart which is viewed as the main actor. The left ventricle simulation is emphasized, because it is based on medical measures. The atrium simulation is based on beta-spline surfaces and blood volume considerations.     

广州移动通信枢纽楼生态节能设计理念介绍

广州移动通信枢纽楼是根据常规的建造技术、运用生态节能建筑理念进行设计的综合性办公建筑,是一次建筑设计走向环保与节能趋势下的有效实践。该项目和OVEARUP公司进行了采光日照、自然通风、围护结构、地道送风、中庭热舒适度、计算流体力学(CFD)和动态热模拟(DTM)等多项工作的合作研究,并且将大部分研究成果用于该建筑设计之中。     

Numerical studies on atrium smoke movement and control with validation by field tests

Many computer fire models were developed in the literature with the rapid advancement of information technology. With the possibility of implementing engineering performance-based fire codes, fire models are used frequently in hazard assessment. Among the different approaches, fire field models using the technique of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are widely used. The approach takes the advantage of predicting the fire environment in a ‘microscopic’ picture. Air flow pattern, pressure and temperature contours can be predicted. However, it is not easy to validate the CFD predicted results. Most of the field models are only validated by some experiments not specially designed for such purpose. There are very few studies on comparison with field measurements in actual sites. Whether those models are suitable for use are queried, leading to challenges. In this paper, the CFD tool fire dynamics simulator developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in USA will be applied to study atrium fires. Smoke layer interface height and air temperatures inside the atrium are simulated. The experimental data on atrium hot smoke tests carried out recently was used. CFD results predicted can be validated by comparing with the experimental results.     

Numerical simulation of the spread of smoke in an atrium under fire scenario

The Fire Dynamics Simulator code is used to investigate the smoke movement in an atrium under fire scenario. At first, by comparing with experimental data of the atrium fire under low and high heat release rates, reasonable model constants of C_s and Pr_t and appropriate grid system are determined for simulating smoke movement in the atrium, the simulation results are in good agreement with those experimental data. Then, the performance of different smoke exhaust methods in the atrium is studied. Smoke filling processes are investigated under different natural and enhanced smoke exhaust methods. Simulated results show that natural smoke exhaust method is preferred when the smoke exhaust vents are located at the ceiling of the atrium. On the other hand, when the smoke exhaust vents are located on the walls of the atrium, the higher positions of the smoke exhaust vents are preferred. In addition, the influence of the fire source locations on the smoke spreading process is presented in this paper, three kinds of fire source locations are studied, they are central fire, side wall fire and corner fire. Results indicate that the descending process of the smoke layer is the slowest when the fire source is at the corner of the atrium.     

The impact of atrium shape on natural smoke ventilation

The performance efficiency of natural smoke ventilation in atria spaces are influenced greatly by several design decisions such as atrium shape, height, size and openings location. This paper investigates the impact of atrium shape (horizontal profile) on smoke ventilation performance in naturally ventilated atria. Three different configurations (square, rectangular and triangular prism) with the same area, height, and hence, volume were tested. The smoke ventilation performance is being assessed in terms of smoke filling time using a computational fire dynamic simulator (FDS). FDS is used to simulate the natural smoke filling resulting from atrium fire in the three configurations. The smoke layer interface height as a function of time and soot mass fraction and temperature as a function of height have been registered during the simulation. The predicted transport lag time for initial formation of the smoke layer beneath the ceiling (ceiling jet) was compared for the three tests. In order to test sensitivity of the shapes, all other parameters were designed to be similar in the three tests, and the same fire scenario was applied including inlet and outlet area, and fire size and location. The results showed that the rectangular configuration contributes better to smoke ventilation, and that the triangular configuration is the most critical in terms of smoke filling time, followed by the square configuration.     

同济大学逸夫楼浅评

从同济大学逸夫楼的总体布局、形式感觉、空间塑造、与周围环境的关系及建筑师在设计过程中所付出的努力等诸方面展开评论。