Developing a tendering strategy in two-envelope fee tendering based on technical score-fee variability

Consultants, in competing for work through two-envelope fee tendering, have been urged to consider variability differences between fees and technical scores, since the criterion with the greatest variability will influence which consultant is awarded the contract. Fee and technical score variability arising from different client fee tendering competitions is analysed in this paper, and a method proposed for determining whether a particular client's two-envelope fee tendering competition is likely to be dominated in terms of technical score or fee. Such information should be useful to consultants, as part of their bidding strategy, in deciding whether to aim for a higher technical score or submit a lower fee. Standard deviation is used to measure fee and technical score variability. Fee and technical score standard deviations are determined for each tendering competition, expressed as a ratio and aggregated over a series of competitions. A technical score-fee standard deviation ratio approximately equal to unity indicates that for future competitions consultants should adopt a balanced bidding strategy in putting equal emphasis on fee and technical score. A smaller ratio indicates that consultants should adopt a ‘low fee’ strategy whereas a larger ratio shows that consultants should adopt a ‘high technical score’ strategy. Fee tendering data from two large Hong Kong public sector clients were analysed. Fees were found to dominate the vast majority of tendering competitions, thereby indicating that consultants would be wise to adopt a low fee strategy in future competitions.     

Pricing strategy in the US construction industry

This paper presents several issues related to pricing in construction. First, problems with current pricing strategy in construction are explored. Second, pricing strategies based on a market-based approach are proposed. Third, survey findings of the top 400 US contractors are presented regarding their current pricing practices and the applicability of the proposed pricing strategies. In conclusion, the belief that current pricing strategy in construction is predominantly cost-based is confirmed by the survey findings; indeed, in setting the markup, most contractors rely on their intuition after subjectively assessing the competition. The three internal pricing variables that have the largest statistically significant contingency coefficients with pricing strategy are ‘marketing intelligence capabilities’, ‘annual contract value’, and ‘the type of client in most projects’. ‘Owner's characteristics’, ‘competitors'characteristics’, and ‘market demand’ are statistically significant external variables in making pricing strategy decisions. A change of bidding procedure is proposed so that all parties in construction can maximize the benefits of market-based pricing strategies.     

直面制约建筑创作的深层课题 《当代中国建筑设计现状与发展研究》报告介绍

文章介绍了中国工程院咨询研究项目《当代中国建筑设计现状与发展研究》的报告,梗概性地说明了该项目的缘起和构成,着重分析和阐释了报告中五个与建筑创作关系密切的,也是建筑师关心的深层问题：从城市建设乱象看主导阶层价值观的混乱;城市建筑文化的同质化与泛西方化;权力决策代替法洽与科学;严峻的创作生态;混沌的建筑学科定位。并简要说明了报告的下篇中回应这些问题的主要思考,包括跨文化对话,文化自觉和自信及建筑师创新的基本条件的制度建设。     

如何准备和实施矿业权招标

文章在介绍矿业权招标定义和方式的基础上，详细地叙述了矿业权招标的准备和实施过程。     

发电厂竞价策略模型及应用

针对发电厂竞价策略应用中存在的用动态规划算法存在“维数灾”、用序优化法其算法复杂计算工程量大耗时久等问题 ,提出了一套基于遗传算法的最优竞价策略模型。通过具体实例测算及现场运用 ,充分验证了遗传算法用于发电厂竞价的可行性。     

网上招评标系统的实现

本文通过一个具体的软件系统－－“XX集团公司采购评标系统”的系统功能、技术特点及实现过程的阐述,间接的分析了信息技术在我国传统行业的营运方案,系统的设计宗旨是实现招评标过程的透明化、自动化和科学化。     

How many Enrons? Mark-ups in the stated capital cost of independent power producers' (IPPs') power projects in developing countries

I analyze the determinants of the stated capital cost of IPPs' power projects which significantly influences their price of power. I show that IPPs face a strong incentive to overstate their capital cost and argue that effective competition or regulatory scrutiny will limit the extent of the same. I analyze the stated capital costs of combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) IPP projects in eight developing countries which became operational during 1990–2006 and find that the stated capital cost of projects selected without competitive bidding is 44–56% higher than those selected with competitive bidding, even after controlling for the effect of cost differences among projects. The extent to which the stated capital costs of projects selected without competitive bidding are higher compared those selected with competitive bidding, is a lower bound on the extent to which they are overstated. My results indicate the drawbacks associated with a policy of promoting private sector participation without an adequate focus on improving competition or regulation.     

Predicting completed project cost using bidding data

Neural network and regression models have been developed to predict the completed cost of competitively bid highway projects constructed by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Bid information was studied for inclusion as inputs to the models. Data studied included the low bid, median bid, standard devi9 ation of the bids, expected project duration and the number of bids. A natural log transformation of the data was found to improve the linear relationship between the low bid and completed cost. The stepwise regression procedure was applied, and yielded the best performing predictive model. This regression model used only the natural log of the low bid as independent variable to predict the natural log of the completed cost. Radial basis neural networks were also constructed to predict the final cost. The best performing regres4 sion model produced superior predictions to the best performing neural network model. Hybrid models that used a regression model prediction as an input to a neural network were also studied and were found to also produce reasonable predictions. The calculated models produced good predictions of the completed project cost, but were found to be deficient in predicting very large cost increases. Simple models using the natural log of the low bid as input produced the best results. From the analysis it may be concluded that additional information about the variability of the bids submitted does not provide useful information for predicting the final project outcome.     

做好水利工程建设项目招标工作的几点建议

本文作者结合当前我省水利工程建设项目招投标的实施情况，对如何规范招标行为，提高招标质量，搞好招标工作提出了几点建议和看法。     

谈大坳水利枢纽工程的招标工作

大坳水利枢纽工程的招标是江西省水利工程建设中较为规范和完备的一安例。根据该工程招标工作，认为招标工作在水利工程项目管理中起到一定的积极作用，并且指出了招标工作应注意的一些问题。