加拿大“注册教育储蓄计划(RESP)”简介——大学教育的资金准备

介绍了加拿大政府发展高等教育的关键策略·推行RESP。即通过家长为子女逐年储蓄,政府逐年奖励,指定组织经营,最终利用资金增值解决孩子明天的大学教育经费,培养人才     

Geologic feasibility of underground hydrogen storage in Canada

Electricity production in the majority of Canada's regions is characterized by high proportions of nuclear and renewable sources such as hydroelectricity. Future plans to phase out coal-fired power plants by 2030 and decrease fossil fuel use in favor of increased integration of renewables highlight the need to develop strategies which can match intermittent and base-load electricity output with market demand. The use of hydrogen gas generated through off-peak electrolysis has been highlighted by the Canadian government as a potential avenue forward in managing electrical grids with surplus and intermittent electricity generation. This technology can be supported in a safe and cost-effective manner by underground hydrogen storage in geological formations. In this article, an overview of Canadian geology, as well as an assessment of the potential application of underground storage methods and associated safety concerns in Canada is presented. Favorable locations for pilot projects are found in the sedimentary basins of western and Atlantic Canada as well as southern Ontario, or the crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield.     

加拿大石油天然气工业用钢丝绳市场分析

介绍加拿大石油天然气钻采工业的发展状况,从加拿大石油钻井钢丝绳供货商、油砂矿露天开采用钢丝绳的应用等方面对其钢丝绳市场进行分析;通过对加拿大Suncor能源股份有限公司电铲钢丝绳应用实例的介绍,阐述国内钢丝绳介入加拿大市场的难点,具体探讨国产钢丝绳产品进入该市场时面临的产品技术壁垒、钢丝绳品牌壁垒、销售渠道壁垒、客户壁垒。提出国内取得API认证企业的钢丝绳产品进入加拿大市场所采取的措施。     

Lessons Learned from a Design Competition for Structural Engineering Students: The Case of a Pedestrian Walkway at the Université de Sherbrooke

Competence in design is an engineering skill that can only be achieved with appropriate training and through accumulation of relevant experience. While in some fields of engineering there are numerous industry-oriented problems that can be investigated reasonably thoroughly, and for which the pinnacle of formation is attained when a team of university students builds a working prototype, there are unfortunately few genuinely realistic conceive-design-build-test (operate) opportunities in which structural engineering students can participate actively during their formative years. This stems from the very nature of structural engineering itself which, as in the case of most civil engineering designs, usually calls for a unique solution to a problem of relatively large scale. One way to provide a realistic and significant structural engineering design opportunity is through student design competitions. However, the conditions of success for such a competition depend on the appropriate coincidence of interest between program goals, commitment from the owner of the structure to be designed and eventually built, and support, both financial and technical, from professional or research organizations. This case study reports on a recent structural engineering student design competition for a pedestrian walkway in Sherbrooke, Canada. It highlights the key technical features of the competition, the organizational obstacles, and the professional benefits for the participants.     

Spatial and Temporal Temperature Distributions in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Long-term spatial and temporal variations in temperatures have been investigated in covers, wastes, and liners at four municipal solid waste landfills located in different climatic regions: Alaska, British Columbia, Michigan, and New Mexico. Temperatures were measured in wastes with a broad range of ages from newly placed to old (up to 40 years). The characteristic shape of waste temperature versus depth relationships consisted of a convex temperature profile with maximum temperatures observed at central locations within the middle third fraction of the depth of the waste mass. Lower temperatures were observed above and below this central zone, with seasonal fluctuations occurring near the surface and steady and elevated values (above mean annual earth temperature) near the base of the landfills. Heat gain and long-term temperatures were directly affected by placement temperatures. Sustained concave temperature profiles were observed for winter waste placement. The highest heat gain and resulting high temperatures were observed in Michigan followed by British Columbia, New Mexico, and Alaska. The high heat gain in Michigan was attributed to coupled precipitation/moisture content and waste density. The time-averaged waste temperature ranges were 0.9–33.0, 14.4–49.2, 14.8–55.6, and 20.5–33.6°C in Alaska, British Columbia, Michigan, and New Mexico, respectively. Temperature increases occurred rapidly (over multiple years) in British Columbia and then dissipated for tens of years. Longer periods of temperature increase were observed at the other sites. Temperatures, temperature increases, and heat gain were higher during anaerobic decomposition of wastes than aerobic decomposition. A parametric study indicated that use of insulating materials over covers decreased temperature variations compared to uninsulated conditions for prevention of frost penetration or desiccation and for optimum methane oxidation. Overall, thermal regime of landfills is controlled by climatic and operational conditions.     

Model-Based Damage Identification in a Continuous Bridge Using Vibration Data

Damage often causes changes in the dynamic characteristics of a structure such as frequencies and mode shapes. Vibration-based damage identification techniques utilize the changes in the dynamic characteristics of a structure to determine the location and extent of damage in the structure. Such techniques are applied in this study to the Crowchild Bridge, a steel-free deck continuous bridge located in western Canada. While the numerical models of the bridge are correlated with the measured dynamic characteristics, computer simulation is used to study the identification of a number of different damage patterns, and the effects of measurement errors and incomplete mode shapes on the quality of results are evaluated. The effectiveness of some selected damage identification techniques is examined; the potential difficulties in identifying the damage are outlined; and areas of further research are suggested. A three-dimensional finite-element model and a simple two-dimensional girder model of the bridge have been constructed to study the usefulness of the selected damage identification methods. Another promising damage detection method proposed here is based on the application of neural networks that combines a vibration-based method.     

Permafrost Weakening as a Potential Impact of Climatic Warming

The warming weakening of permafrost strength as a result of different scenarios of climatic warming ranging from 0 to 5°C over the next century has been predicted using a one-dimensional geothermal model. These predictions are based on the results of an intensive geotechnical program carried out in a warm ice-rich silty permafrost in Northern Quebec. The dependency of permafrost strength on temperature was assessed from cone penetration tests performed at regular intervals over a 2-month period during the seasonal warming of the upper permafrost layer in spring 2000. A thermomechanical subroutine taking into account this dependency has been then added to the one-dimensional geothermal model for the simulation of the weakening of permafrost strength as it warms. A warming rate of 0.02°C/year over the next century leads on a slow decrease in permafrost strength corresponding to a relative loss of strength of about 50%. For a warming rate of 0.05°C/year, the strength weakening is much more pronounced and almost reaches the unfrozen state at the end of the warming period corresponding to a relative loss of 98%.     

Sourcing Knowledge and Innovation in a Low-Technology Industry

This paper investigates the relationship between knowledge sourcing and innovation in a select low- to medium-technology industry, the forest sector. It is based on data from the Statistics Canada Survey of Innovation 2005. Econometric models are developed and tested, specifically logistic regression analyses, in order to probe the relationship between select forms of embodied and disembodied knowledge and levels of innovation intensity. Differences between single establishment Canadian firms, multi-establishment Canadian firms, Canada–USA multi-establishment firms and establishments belonging to multinational firms are studied in terms of the relationship between innovation and sources of knowledge. Findings indicate that establishment innovative performance is related to knowledge sourcing strategies and furthermore that organization ownership/structure impacts significantly upon this relationship.     

The role of substance use and psychosocial characteristics in explaining unintentional injuries

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the use of various substances and selected psychosocial characteristics with unintentional injury. Cross-sectional data was collected from groups of subjects in treatment for a primary problem with cocaine (n = 300), cannabis (n = 128), alcohol (n = 110), other drugs (n = 35), tobacco (n = 249), or gambling (n = 199). Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on various psychosocial scales (i.e., risk-taking/impulsivity, chronic stress, coping, and social supports), frequency of drug and alcohol use, and unintentional injuries in the year prior to treatment. For the univariate analyses, both frequency of cocaine and cannabis use, risk-taking/impulsivity, stress, and coping were significantly related to injuries. For the multivariate analyses, only risk-taking/impulsivity, stress, age, and sex were significantly related to injuries. The results provide important information regarding factors associated with reported injuries among individuals in addiction treatment.     

加拿大焦煤和国内几种常用焦煤的结焦性差异

 研究了加拿大焦煤和国内常用主焦煤的结焦性差异,有利于国内焦化企业很好地利用加拿大炼焦煤,优化配煤生产。对加拿大煤和国内常用焦煤进行常规煤质分析和煤岩特征分析,探寻了二者黏结性存在差异的原因,并利用40 kg小焦炉进行加拿大焦煤替代国内优质焦煤实验。研究表明：与国内主焦煤相比,加拿大焦煤的单一性较好,灰分较低,变质程度较低;加拿大煤的基氏流动度lgMF和奥亚膨胀度[b]值较低,均质镜质组较少,且镜质组中含有较多裂纹和气孔,造成加拿大焦煤在成焦过程中熔融阶段流动性较小,膨胀压力较小;加拿大焦煤替代国内优质炼焦煤进行配煤炼焦,可以稳定焦炭质量。