四川盆地中部中二叠统热液白云岩储渗空间类型及成因

近年来,四川盆地川西北地区有多口井在中二叠统栖霞组、茅口组钻获高产气流,展现出该层系巨大的天然气勘探潜力,但有关该盆地中二叠统白云岩储层的成因机理则众说纷纭,一直未达成共识。为此,基于川中地区栖霞组、茅口组岩心及薄片等岩相学特征,以及碳、氧、锶同位素和包裹体均一化温度等地球化学特征,开展了中二叠统热液白云岩储渗空间类型及储渗相特征研究,分析了白云岩储层的成因及其控制因素。结果认为:(1)茅口组、栖霞组石灰岩地层经历了构造控制热液活动,发育萤石、鞍状白云石、天青石的热液矿物组合和膨胀角砾结构;(2)较之于宿主石灰岩,细—中晶云岩和鞍状白云石均呈现出δ18O负偏移、87Sr/86Sr正偏移;(3)中二叠统形成由热液溶孔、热液白云岩晶间孔、热液溶洞、热液扩溶缝等4种储渗空间构成的热液白云岩储渗体。结论认为:(1)热液白云岩储集相发育和分布受深大断裂的控制,呈"透镜状"分布在具"下凹"地震反射特征的区域;(2)中二叠统热液白云岩储集相与下伏烃源岩和上覆封堵层的有机组合可构成有利的天然气勘探目标。     

塔里木盆地塔中北坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的形成机理

塔里木盆地塔中北坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层已成为该盆地油气勘探的重要目标之一,目前对于该岩溶储层的溶蚀机制尚存在争议。为此,基于沉积、层序与储层综合研究成果,结合微观分析测试与宏观地震资料分析结果,将该区碳酸盐岩岩溶储层划分为石灰岩溶蚀孔洞型、白云岩孔洞型和硅质岩裂缝孔洞型3种类型,并分别探讨了其形成机理。结果表明:(1)石灰岩溶蚀孔洞型储层纵向上分布在中奥陶通鹰山组上段和一间房组,而白云岩孔洞型储层主要发育在下奥陶统蓬莱坝组和鹰山组下段且厚度较大;(2)石灰岩溶蚀孔洞型储层形成于三级层序界面(低位期)岩溶作用,而白云岩孔洞型储层则主要形成于受三级层序界面岩溶作用控制的深埋藏白云石化作用,两者均分布在三级层序界面之下的高位体系域;(3)该区硅质岩储层的发育明显受断裂控制,是深部热液沿断层对石灰岩改造的结果,硅质岩储层及其热液溶蚀缝洞系统分布在断裂附近。进而推测:塔中北坡奥陶系除了发育上述3种储层类型以外,还发育台地边缘礁滩型储层。     

乌兹别克斯坦水资源变化及其对供给压力的影响

梳理文献资料,结合农业、遥感和气象水文产品数据,分析乌兹别克斯坦水资源变化及水资源供给压力。分析表明:自1980年以来,乌兹别克斯坦年平均取水量由59亿m~3增至102亿m~3,灌溉农业消耗了90%以上的水资源;尽管1992年以来耕地面积总体呈下降态势(200km~2/a),且高耗水作物种植比重下降(-3.24%),但受气候变暖的影响(0.31℃/(10a)),单位面积作物需水量持续增加(3.27mm/a),导致总的需水量仍呈增加态势(2.75亿m~3/a);与此同时,上游来水量减少以及上游国家用水的增加,将进一步加剧区域水资源短缺及供给压力。为应对水资源问题,乌兹别克斯坦需加强水管理,改进灌溉技术,提高用水效率,同时,需寻求完善跨境河流水资源分配与管理的途径。该研究有助于增进对乌兹别克斯坦水资源问题的认识,并为应对该问题提供科学依据,以及为"一带一路"合作发展提供支撑。     

香炉山引水隧洞围岩的蠕变特性及模型研究

为了探究滇中引水隧洞围岩的蠕变特性,采用实时高温常规三轴试验系统开展岩石的力学性能和蠕变试验。在建立岩石蠕变本构模型的基础上,根据蠕变试验曲线的特点,提出了一种确定蠕变参数的方法,并分析了不同应力水平下蠕变参数的变化规律,构建了蠕变参数与应力的关系。最后将各蠕变参数与应力之间的表达式代入蠕变本构模型中,得到修正的蠕变本构模型。结果表明：建立的蠕变模型不仅准确反映了衰减和稳定蠕变阶段的蠕变特征,而且克服了传统模型难以描述加速蠕变的缺点。同时,该方法确定的蠕变参数不仅可以反映应力对蠕变参数的影响,还可有效反映应力状态对蠕变变形规律的影响。     

高疏低密与循环生长型的城市副中心开发模式——以广州萝岗中心区城市设计为例

作为广州"东进"发展轴上的重要后发战略基地,萝岗中心区将被建成"世界一流中央服务区(CSD)".其选址以需求为导向,其国际咨询确立了高疏低密的布局模式,其城市设计的深化工作明确了以行政管理和社会服务为主导功能,以循环生长为开发模式,形成以行政管理为中心的"东顺西畅"的交通系统.     

Sono-Fenton regeneration of granular activated carbon saturated with Rhodamine B: Optimization using response surface methodology

This study investigated the combination of chemical and ultrasonic regeneration (Sono-Fenton), used for regenerating granular activated carbon (GAC) saturated with Rhodamine B (RB). This process was modeled and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Effective parameters on regeneration efficiency such as pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and time of ultrasonic irradiation were optimized and modeled using the reduced quadratic method. The fitness of the model was checked by the determination coefficient (R²?=?0.9978). At optimum condition, the effective parameters of pH?=?3.84, concentration of H₂O₂?=?38.28 (mM), and time of ultrasonic irradiation?=?23.11(min), maximum regeneration efficiency (87.88%) was achieved, the results of which were obtained after four-time sequential adsorption–regeneration cycles were acceptable. Desorption and degradation of RB were conducted through the generation of active species, including hydroxyl radicals and high-energy ultrasound. The regeneration efficiency was increased using this combination method. In conclusion, the Sono-Fenton method is suggested to be used more widely in regeneration processes.     

Thermostat settings in English houses: No evidence of change between 1984 and 2007

Rising demand temperatures are widely blamed for UK home energy use not declining over time despite the increased efficiency of dwelling envelopes and heating technologies. The hypothesis that thermostat settings have risen over time is tested using a repeated cross-sectional social survey of owners of centrally heated English houses. No statistical evidence for changes in reported thermostat settings between 1984 and 2007 is found.     

Stability of Dye Dispersions in the Presence of Some Eco-Friendly Dispersing Agents

The stability of dye dispersions in the presence of ethoxylated sorbitan lauryl and oleyl esters were reported and compared with dye dispersions containing a conventional dispersing agent, i.e. naphthalene sulfonic acid methylene-bis sodium salt (NSAB). The optimum operating conditions obtained using a central composite design and stability of dye dispersions were evaluated by a turbidimetry method. Results showed that the dose of surfactants and the temperature of operation were important factors in preparing stable dye dispersions. Also, the best conditions for preparing dye dispersions were as follows: dose of surfactant 0.05 g, temperature 25 °C and time 5 min. In addition to, findings indicated that both of the used surfactants had better performance in dispersing the dyes in water. However, ethoxylated sorbitan oleate had better efficiency relative to other used dispersing agents. The performance of both sorbitan esters were compared with NSAB. The results indicated that they can create stable dye dispersions in aqueous media and have approximately the same effectiveness with NSAB. In this series, although oleate ester had a better performance than the laurate, the difference in performance of using dispersing agents was not significant. This finding was confirmed by the results of the particle size analysis of dye dispersions.     

Solar lanterns for domestic lighting in India: Viability of central charging station model

About 68 million households in India rely on kerosene as a fuel for domestic lighting. Kerosene-based lighting devices, not only for poor quality of light, but also for the risks of indoor air pollution and fire hazards, etc. are not a desired option for domestic lighting purposes. Solar lantern is a better alternative in terms of its quality of illumination, durability and versatility of use. The dissemination model for solar lantern in India has so far been based on cash sales with or without the incentive of capital subsidy. This paper analyses several dissemination models including rental and fee-for-service based on centralized solar charging station concept for CFL- and LED-based designs of solar lanterns available in India. The basis of comparison is the acceptable daily costs or rental to the user as well as to the owner of the charging station. Further, the paper studies the impact of likely escalation in kerosene price on the acceptable daily rental and estimates the amount of subsidy required to make the charging station model viable for disseminating solar lanterns among rural households.