Highly Solid‐State Emissive Pyridinium‐Substituted Tetraphenylethylene Salts: Emission Color‐Tuning with Counter Anions and Application for Optical Waveguides

In this paper seven salts of pyridinium‐substituted tetraphenylethylene with different anions are reported. They show typical aggregation‐induced emission. Crystal structures of three of the salts with (CF₃SO₂)₂N^?, CF₃SO₃ ^?, and SbF₆ ^? as the respective counter anions, are determined. The emission behavior of their amorphous and crystalline solids is investigated. Both amorphous and crystalline solids, except for the one with I^?, are highly emissive. Certain amorphous solids are red‐emissive with almost the same quantum yields and fluorescence life‐times. However, some crystalline solids are found to show different emission colors varying from green to yellow. Thus, their emission colors can be tuned by the counter anions. Furthermore, certain crystalline solids are highly emissive compared to the respective amorphous solids. Such solid‐state emission behavior of these pyridinium‐substituted tetraphenylethylene salts is interpreted on the basis of their crystal structures. In addition, optical waveguiding behavior of fabricated microrods is presented.     

A Review of Magnesium Aluminum Chloride Complex Electrolytes for Mg Batteries

Developing suitable electrolytes with high oxidation decomposition potential, low cost, and good compatibility with electrode materials has been a critical challenge in realizing practical magnesium batteries. The emerging magnesium aluminum chloride complex (MACC) electrolytes based on inorganic chloride salts exhibit high Coulombic efficiencies for magnesium batteries. This review summarizes recent studies of MACC electrolytes, focusing on the synthesis, characterization, and chemical environment of Mg species, electrolytic conditioning of electrolytes, and their application in typical magnesium batteries. The electrolyte evolution and influencing factor of electrolytic conditioning are discussed, and several kinds of conditioning-free MACC electrolytes are further introduced. Finally, future trends and perspectives in this field are discussed.     

工作电解液中影响闪火电压的因素

从工作电解液闪火机制的研究出发讨论了影响闪火电压的因素。加藤所提出的闪火电压与负离子浓度成反比的理论比传统的闪火电压与电阻率成正比的理论更加完善。负离子浓度、种类影响界面上氧离子的浓度及介质膜的强度。从闪火机制来看，它是对闪火电压更加直接的影响因素。这种理论能够解释混合溶质及界面活性剂等能够提高闪火电压的同时又降低电阻率的本质原因。     

无机阴离子毛细管电泳分析方法的研究

本文研究了常见无机阴离子的毛细管电泳规律，考察了分离电压、电解质溶液组成、浓度、ＰＨ值等对分离的影响，建立了高效、快速的无机阴离子毛细管电泳分析方法．在选定的实验条件下，各种常见无机阴离子在五分钟内达到完全分离，对Ｂｒ－和Ｃｌ－的分离柱效每米可达７６万理论板数．迁移时间的相对标准偏差小于１％，峰面积的相对标准偏差小于５％，各离子的最低检测浓度为０．０５～０．５μｇ／ｍｌ．     

Inorganic anions in goat and ovine milk from Calabria (Italy) by suppressed ion chromatography

Forty-seven samples of milk taken from goat and ovine farms in Calabria (southern Italy) between April and May 2010 were analysed. Analyses were carried out by ion chromatography (ICS 1000; Dionex). For method validation, RSDs (%) on retention times and on peak area were determined by considering a mixture of standard anions at the concentration level of 0.1–30?mg?l^?1 for chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and phosphate. The higher RSDs were 1.4% and 2.2% for retention times and 2.4% and 3.7% for areas for intra- and inter-day repeatability, respectively. Good linearity was observed in each concentration range, with linear correlation coefficients (R ²) better than 0.987. The LODs and LOQs were calculated experimentally as signal-to-noise ratios of 3 and 10, respectively. Analysis of the results obtained indicated that phosphates were the most abundant anion (1409–3050?mg?l^?1) followed by chloride (679–2568?mg?l^?1) and sulfates (25–341?mg?l^?1). Nitrates were found to be lower at 146?mg?l^?1 (the maximum value observed). The values of anions found in this work are in agreement with those reported in the literature for cow's milk. There are no significant differences between ovine and goat's milk samples. The method used for this analysis of anions combines rapidity with high precision, accuracy and sensitivity; therefore, it is suitable for routine analysis. Moreover, one of the most obvious advantages of this technique is that multiple elements can be determined in one sample with no serial dilutions and the complete analysis can be performed by using only one instrument.     

Preparation of fatty 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds from FA esters

Long-chain fatty compounds containing an isoxazole heterocyclic ring system substituted at the 3- and 5-ring positions were prepared in moderate to good yields (40–64%) in one pot by condensing FA esters such as methyl palmitate, stearate, oleate, or linoleate with the lithiated anion of N-(isopropylidene)isopropylamine followed by dehydrative cyclization. This approach allows readily available FA esters to be utilized and incorporated into the construction of the isoxazole ring system. These novel products were isolated then characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy, GC-MS, and m.p. Mass spectra of the fatty isoxazole compounds, derived utilizing EI ionization, showed distinctive cleavage patterns that occurred uniformly along the fatty alkyl chain allowing the position of double bonds to be readily located. Two prominent ions at m/z 97 and 110 were common to all the fatty isoxazole compounds examined and were presumably from a McLafferty rearrangement and a cyclization displacement reaction, respectively.     

咪唑型离子液体结构性质的量子化学研究

采用量子化学从头算方法对咪唑阳离子同系物和阴离子AlCl4^-、Al2Cl7^-进行了全优化计算，得到了阴阳离子的平衡几何构型和净电荷。结果表明，阳离子的咪唑环上的电子数符合4n 2规则，具有芳香性。咪唑阳离子的LUMO轨道主要由环上原子的2Px所贡献，是反键π分子轨道。AlCl4^-和Al2Cl7^-的HOMO轨道主要由Cl原子的2Px所贡献。推测咪唑阳离子的LUMO与阴离子的HOMO相互作用形成离子液体分子。     

反相高效液相色谱法分离分析水中一些阴离子

本文试验反相高效液相色谱法分离分析水中氯离子、硝酸根和硫酸根的条件,研究可能干扰、提高选择性和提高灵敏度的方法,建立应用于自来水和海水等实际样品的分离分析方法。     

Enhanced Capacitive Energy Storage in Polyoxometalate‐Doped Polypyrrole

High‐performance batteries and supercapacitors require the molecular‐level linkage of charge transport components and charge storage components. This study shows how redox‐tunable Lindqvist‐type molecular metal oxide anions [V_nM _6–n O₁₉]^{(2+n )?} (M = W(VI) or Mo(VI); n = 0, 1, 2) can be incorporated in cationic polypyrrole (PPy) conductive polymer films by means of electrochemical polymerization. Electron microscopy and (spectro‐)electrochemistry show that the electroactivity and morphology of the composites can be tuned by Lindqvist anion incorporation. Reductive electrochemical “activation” of the Lindqvist–PPy composites leads to significantly increased electrical capacitance (range: ≈25–38 F g^?1, increase up to ≈25×), highlighting that this general synthetic route gives access to promising capacitive materials with suitable long‐term stability. Electrochemical, electron microscopic, and Raman spectroscopic analyses together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide molecular‐level insight into the effects of Lindqvist anion incorporation in PPy films and their role during reductive activation. The study therefore provides fundamental understanding of the principles governing the bottom‐up integration of molecular components into nanostructured composites for electrochemical energy storage.