Modeling the compressive strength of geopolymeric binders by gene expression programming-GEP

GEP has been employed in this work to model the compressive strength of different types of geopolymers through six different schemes. The differences between the models were in their linking functions, number of genes, chromosomes and head sizes. The curing time, Ca(OH)₂ content, the amount of superplasticizer, NaOH concentration, mold type, aluminosilicate source and H₂O/Na₂O molar ratio were the seven input parameters considered in the construction of the models to evaluate the compressive strength of geopolymers. A total number of 399 input-target pairs were collected from the literature, randomly divided into 299 and 100 sets and were trained and tested, respectively. The best performance model had 6 genes, 14 head size, 40 chromosomes and multiplication as linking function. This was shown by the absolute fraction of variance, the absolute percentage error and the root mean square error. These were of 0.9556, 2.4601 and 3.4716 for training phase, respectively and 0.9483, 2.8456 and 3.7959 for testing phase, respectively. However, another model with 7 genes, 12 head size, 30 chromosomes and addition as linking function showed suitable results with the absolute fraction of variance, the absolute percentage error and the root mean square of 0.9547, 2.5665 and 3.4360 for training phase, respectively and 0.9466, 2.8020 and 3.8047 for testing phase, respectively. These models showed that gene expression programming has a strong potential for predicting the compressive strength of different types of geopolymers in the considered range.     

结合图像信号显著性的自适应分块压缩采样

均匀分块压缩感知对图像信号进行压缩采样, 无法有效地分离出重要区域和背景区域。为此,本文提出了一种基于显著性的自适应分块压缩采样方法。根据图像信号的显著性,该方法利用四叉树算法进行自适应图像分块,有效分离出重要区域和背景区域。根据区域块的显著度动态设置观测值数量,重要度区域设置高采样率,背景区域设置低采样率,从而提高重要区域的图像重建质量。实验分析表明,在得到更好的视觉效果的同时,本文算法观测值数量较少,且重构图像的PSNR(峰值信噪比)、MSSIM（平均结构相似性）指标,以及运行时间均优于均匀分块压缩采样算法。     

Influence of limestone and anhydrite on the hydration of Portland cements

The addition of CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ to Portland cement clinker influences the hydration and the strength development. An increase of the CaSO₄ content accelerates alite reaction during the first days and results in the formation of more ettringite, thus in a higher early compressive strength. The late compressive strength is decreased in Portland cements containing higher quantities of CaSO₄. The reduced late compressive strength seems to be related to an increase of the S/Si and Ca/Si content in the C–S–H.The presence of calcite leads to the formation of hemicarbonate and monocarbonate thus indirectly to more ettringite. Only a relatively small quantity of calcite reacts to form monocarbonate or hemicarbonate in Portland cement. Although hemicarbonate is thermodynamically less stable than monocarbonate, hemicarbonate formation is kinetically favored. Monocarbonate is present only after 1 week and longer independent of the quantity of calcite available and the content of sulphate in the cement.     

Effect of sodium silicate- and ethyl silicate-based nano-silica on pore structure of cement composites

This study proposes using sodium silicate-based nano-silica (SS) in cement composites. The effect of the addition of the proposed nano-silica on cement composites was compared to that of conventional ethyl silicate-based nano-silica (ES) and silica fume (SF). This study found that the inclusion of SS in cement composites has mainly two effects on their properties: one is a fast pozzolanic reaction, and the other is a pore-filling effect in a cement matrix. As a result, SS dramatically improves the early-age strength of cement composites by up to 184% and 152%, compared to a control specimen and the specimen with ES inclusion, respectively. Calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were conducted to monitor the effects of these nano-silicas.     

STUDY ON VARIATION OF SETTING AND STOPPING PRESSURES OF SAFETY VALVE WITH STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION

0　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳａｆｅｔｙｖａｌｖｅｉｓｐｌａｙｉｎｇａｎｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｓａｆｅｔｙｕｎｉｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｂｏｉｌｅｒａｎｄｖａｒｉｏｕｓｏｔｈｅｒ ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｖｅｓｓｅｌｓａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｒｒａｎｇｅｄｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｏａｓｔｏｂｅ ｐｅｒｍｉｔｔｅｄｔｏｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｏｎｌｙｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｎｓｐｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｅｓｔｓｔｉｐｕｌａｔｅｄｉｎｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ…     

Function identification for the intrinsic strength and elastic properties of granitic rocks via genetic programming (GP)

Symbolic Regression (SR) analysis, employing a genetic programming (GP) approach, was used to analyse laboratory strength and elasticity modulus data for some granitic rocks from selected regions in Turkey. Total porosity (n), sonic velocity (vp), point load index (Is) and Schmidt Hammer values (SH) for test specimens were used to develop relations between these index tests and uniaxial compressive strength (σ_c), tensile strength (σ_t) and elasticity modulus (E). Three GP models were developed. Each GP model was run more than 50 times to optimise the GP functions. Results from the GP functions were compared with the measured data set and it was found that simple functions may not be adequate in explaining strength relations with index properties. The results also indicated that GP is a potential tool for identifying the key and optimal variables (terminals) for building functions for predicting the elasticity modulus and the strength of granitic rocks.     

Effects of a combined admixture of slag powder and thermally treated flue gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum on the compressive strength and durability of concrete

In this paper, the effects of a combined admixture of slag powder and thermally treated flue gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum on the compressive strength and durability of concrete were explored. The gypsum was baked at a proper temperature of 200°C for 60 min; it was then mixed with slag powder to form the type-G slag powder in which SO₃ content was controlled at the optimum ratio of 3.5%. Concretes containing the type-G slag powder or ordinary slag powder were further contrasted on the compressive strength and durability. The results showed that the compressive strength, resistance to chloride, and resistance to gas permeability of concrete with the type-G slag powder were higher than that with ordinary slag powder. Additionally, there were no negative effects on concrete against sulfate attack. The combination of the two byproducts, slag powder and thermally treated FGD gypsum, provided synergistic benefits above that of ordinary slag powder alone.     

Improvement of strength distribution inside slab concrete by vacuum dewatering method

The strength and hardness of concrete slab surface is considered significantly affected by bleeding of concrete. It has been reported that dewatering by vacuum processing is quite effective to obtain high density of concrete. The method, however, has not been successfully used for the concrete work in the field of building construction, compared with that of civil engineering works in Japan. In the present study, firstly the state of the art concerning vacuum dewatering method is reviewed and the newly improved vacuum dewatering method is introduced. Then the effect of the proposed method on concrete properties of slab is examined by a series of experiments in order to find more reasonable and effective way in the application of the proposed method.     

Mineral admixtures in mortars effect of type, amount and fineness of fine constituents on compressive strength

This work is the third part of an overall project the aim of which is the development of general mix design rules for concrete containing different kinds of mineral admixtures (also named mineral additions or mineral constituents). It deals with the compressive strength of mortars made with up to 75% of crushed quartz, limestone filler or fly ash of different fineness. The paper presents all the experimental results as a sort of database and emphasizes the effects on strength of the nature, amount and fineness of mineral admixtures. For short hydration times (1 to 2 days), the nature of mineral admixture is not a significant parameter, as mortars containing the same amount of different kinds of admixtures having equivalent fineness present similar strengths. For long hydration times (up to 6 months), the excess strength due to fly ash pozzolanic activity is quantified by the difference between the strengths of mortars containing the same proportions of inert and pozzolanic admixtures with the same fineness. In the case of inert mineral admixtures, the increase in strength with the fineness of mineral admixtures cannot be explained by the filler effect, but can be attributed to the physical effect of heterogeneous nucleation. In the next part of this work, these results will be used for the elaboration of an empirical model leading to the quantification of both physical and chemical effects. This model presents strong similarities with the previous model based on calorimetric results.     

Compressive response of multilayered pyramidal lattices during underwater shock loading

The quasi-static and dynamic compressive mechanical response of a multilayered pyramidal lattice structure constructed from stainless-steel was investigated. The lattices were fabricated by folding perforated 304 stainless steel sheets and bonding them to thin intervening sheets using a transient liquid-phase bonding technique. The resulting structure was attached to thick face sheets and the through thickness mechanical response was investigated quasi-statically and dynamically, in the latter case using a planar explosive loading technique. The lattice is found to crush in a progressive manner by the sequential (cooperative) buckling of truss layers. This results in a quasi-static stress strain response that exhibits a significant “metal foam” like stress plateau to strains of about 60% before rapid hardening due to truss impingement with the intermediate face sheets. During dynamic loading, sequential buckling of the truss layers was manifested as a series of transmitted pressure pulses measured at the back face of the test samples. The sequential buckling extended the duration of the back face pressure–time waveform and significantly reduced the transmitted pressure measured at the back face. The impulse transmitted to the structure is found to be about 28% less than that predicted by analytic treatments of the fluid-structure interaction for fully supported structures. This transmitted impulse reduction appears to be a consequence of the wet side face sheet movement away from the blast wave and is facilitated by the low crush resistance of the lattice structure.