Optimum Design of Welded Steel Plate Girder Bridges Using a Genetic Algorithm with Elitism

The genetic algorithm (GA) is a general optimization technique that has some unique features that are especially suitable for structural engineering problems. This work uses a simple GA with elitism to find the optimum design of welded steel plate girder bridges. The objectives are to minimize the weight and the cost of the girders. Two types of plate-girder bridges are studied: a single-span bridge and a two-equal-span continuous bridge. Bridges with various span lengths, in increments of 20?ft, are investigated; results are tabulated, parametric studies are made, and meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

Explicit local buckling analysis and design of fiber–reinforced plastic composite structural shapes

Pultruded fiber–reinforced plastic (FRP) composite structural shapes (beams and columns) are thin-walled open or closed sections consisting of assemblies of flat plates and commonly made of E-glass fiber and either polyester or vinylester resins. Due to high strength-to-stiffness ratio of composites and thin-walled sectional geometry of FRP shapes, buckling is the most likely mode of failure before material failure. In this paper, explicit analyses of local buckling of rectangular orthotropic composite plates with various unloaded edge boundary conditions (i.e., (1) rotationally restrained along both unloaded edges (RR), and (2) one rotationally restrained and the other free along the unloaded edges (RF)) and subjected to uniform in-plane axial action at simply-supported loaded edges are first presented. A variational formulation of the Ritz method is used to establish an eigenvalue problem, and explicit solutions of plate local buckling coefficients in term of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) are obtained. The two cases of rotationally restrained plates (i.e., the RR and RF plates) are further treated as discrete plates of closed and open sections, and by considering the effect of elastic restraints at the joint connections of flanges and webs, the local buckling of different FRP shapes under uniform axial compression is studied. The approximate expressions of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) for various common FRP sections are provided, and their application to sectional local buckling predictions is illustrated. The explicit local buckling formulas of rotationally restrained plates are validated with the exact transcendental solutions. The analytical predictions for local buckling of various FRP profiles based on the present discrete plate analysis and considering the elastic restraints of the flange–web connections are in excellent agreements with available experimental results and finite element eigenvalue analyses. A design guideline for local buckling prediction and related performance improvement is proposed. The present explicit formulation can be applied effectively to determine the local buckling capacities of composite plates with elastic restraints along the unloaded edges and can be further used to predict the local buckling strength of FRP shapes.     

Thermal buckling of cross-ply laminated composite and sandwich plates according to a global higher-order deformation theory

A two-dimensional global higher-order deformation theory is presented for thermal buckling of cross-ply laminated composite and sandwich plates. By using the method of power series expansion of continuous displacement components, a set of fundamental governing equations which can take into account the effects of both transverse shear and normal stresses is derived through the principle of virtual work. Several sets of truncated Mth-order approximate theories are applied to solve the eigenvalue problems of a simply supported multilayered plate. Modal transverse shear and normal stresses can be calculated by integrating the three-dimensional equations of equilibrium in the thickness direction, and satisfying the continuity conditions at the interface between layers and stress boundary conditions at the external surfaces. Numerical results are compared with those of the published three-dimensional layerwise theory in which both in-plane and normal displacements are assumed to be C⁰ continuous in the continuity conditions at the interface between layers. Effects of the difference of displacement continuity conditions between the three-dimensional layerwise theory and the global higher-order theory are clarified in thermal buckling problems of multilayered composite plates.     

阀控式铅酸蓄电池正极板劣化模式分析

对于阀控式铅酸蓄电池而言 ,除了制造过程中产生的缺陷以外 ,正极板劣化是其寿命终止的主要原因之一。本文将从板栅、活物质、电解液以及他们之间的相互关系等角度出发 ,对阀控式铅酸蓄电池的正极板劣化模式进行了详细的论述 ,并针对不同的劣化原因提出了相应的改善方法。     

样条有限点法求解任意四边形薄板大挠度问题

本文利用坐标变换下的样条有限点法，研究了任意四边形薄板的大挠度计算问题，给出了计算实例，验证了方法的正确性和较好的通用性。     

轴向压力下刚性支承矩形钢板件屈曲弹性分析

通过对钢管混凝土中外包钢管板件的屈曲弹性分析，目的在于研究钢管内填混凝土后钢板件的抗屈曲能力．在钢管混凝土中，核心混凝土可以被看作刚性材料；对于组成钢管的矩形钢板件而言，当其与刚性材料并置时钢板的屈曲仅发生外凸．根据小挠度理论，用迦辽金方法计算具有刚性支承的矩形板件的弹性屈曲，并得到了屈曲系数k．计算结果表明：由于核心混凝土的存在，钢管抵抗屈曲的能力比无内填混凝土的空钢管抵抗屈曲的能力有显提高．     

The structural intensities of composite plates with a hole

The structural intensities in isotropic and orthotropic laminae and composite laminated plates with and without a hole of different rim conditions are studied using the finite element method. Patterns of superposition among structural stress fields, intensity vectors, mode shapes and streamlines of energy flow are obtained for the various cases. It is found that the hole completely changes the distributions of the stress and energy flow path in plates. Despite its nature of mode dependent the pattern of energy flow may be different from each other despite having similar structural mode shapes, moreover the position of maximum stress is not corresponding to the position of maximum structural intensity.     

铅酸蓄电池负极铅膏的探讨

介绍了几种负极极板的典型配方,建议在干荷电极板中使用液体石蜡为防氧化剂,它能与木素磺酸钠匹配,有良好的充电接受能力。建议在阀控固定型蓄电池的负极配方中不加有机膨胀剂;建议负极中各种辅助材料进行预先混合。     

Repair of notched beam under dynamic load using piezoelectric patch

In this paper, the repair of a cracked beam under an external dynamic load employing the electro-mechanical characteristic of piezoelectric material to induce a local moment is presented. Conceptually, an external voltage is applied to actuate a piezoelectric patch bonded on the beam to effect closure of a crack so that the singularity at the crack tip under dynamic load may be decreased. Globally, this has the effect of altering the resonant frequency of the cracked beam towards that of the healthy beam, which is the criterion used for the repair. To demonstrate the repair methodology, a cantilever beam is used as an illustration, where the repair moment coefficient and the voltage required are mathematically derived. The relationship between repair moment coefficient, crack parameters and length of piezoelectric patch is investigated. The difference between the proposed repair criterion and an earlier published criterion for cracked beam under static load is also shown. A numerical example is used to study the effectiveness of the proposed repair methodology and its results are compared with those from 3-D finite element analyses using ABAQUS 6.4 as one means of verification.