Assessment of the presence and dynamics of fungi in drinking water sources using cultural and molecular methods

A comparison of different isolation techniques and culture media for detection of filamentous fungi and yeasts in the aquatic environment revealed that the use of membrane filtration with the media dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) optimized fungi detection in terms of abundance and variety in three untreated water sources with very different characteristics (surface water, spring water, and groundwater). The diversity of the fungi population captured by direct DNA extraction of fungi collected by membrane filtration was compared with the isolates obtained after selective growth using different culture media through amplification of the internal transcribed spacer gene and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The Czapek-Dox agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar, and DRBC media showed closer similarities to those obtained by the uncultured biomass for the different water sources. Based on these data and the best enumeration results, DRBC is recommended for the assessment of fungi in water sources using culture-based methods. DGGE was also used to monitor temporal variations in the fungal population structure and showed that each water matrix possessed a distinct population profile as well as that changes in the fungal community can be expected in the different matrices throughout the year.     

基于DGGE分析的大鼠粪便及肠道细菌DNA提取方法研究

为获得高质量肠道细菌总DNA用于研究膳食纤维对大鼠肠道菌群的影响,本实验以SD大鼠为实验动物,灌胃番茄皮膳食纤维,收集大鼠粪便及盲肠,-70℃冰箱保存。分别采用Tiangen细菌基因组试剂盒法、蛋白酶K-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)法和溶菌酶法提取粪便和肠道中的细菌总DNA,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、细菌通用引物PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对提取效果进行观察比较,发现将溶菌酶法进行改进后,可以获得满意效果。改进后的溶菌酶法与另外两种方法比较,具有成本低、时间短、DNA得率高和多样性好等特点;该方法获得的DNA样品适合于用DGGE技术分析大鼠粪便及肠道菌群。     

The Occurrence of Beer Spoilage Lactic Acid Bacteria in Craft Beer Production

Beer is one of the world's most ancient and widely consumed fermented alcoholic beverages produced with water, malted cereal grains (generally barley and wheat), hops, and yeast. Beer is considered an unfavorable substrate of growth for many microorganisms, however, there are a limited number of bacteria and yeasts, which are capable of growth and may spoil beer especially if it is not pasteurized or sterile‐filtered as craft beer. The aim of this research study was to track beer spoilage lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inside a brewery and during the craft beer production process. To that end, indoor air and work surface samples, collected in the brewery under study, together with commercial active dry yeasts, exhausted yeasts, yeast pellet (obtained after mature beer centrifugation), and spoiled beers were analyzed through culture‐dependent methods and PCR‐DGGE in order to identify the contaminant LAB species and the source of contamination. Lactobacillus brevis was detected in a spoiled beer and in a commercial active dry yeast. Other LAB species and bacteria ascribed to Staphylococcus sp., Enterobaceriaceae, and Acetobacter sp. were found in the brewery. In conclusion, the PCR‐DGGE technique coupled with the culture‐dependent method was found to be a useful tool for identifying the beer spoilage bacteria and the source of contamination. The analyses carried out on raw materials, by‐products, final products, and the brewery were useful for implementing a sanitization plan to be adopted in the production plant.     

对虾养殖水体氨氧化菌的多样性分析与硝化作用的特征

为了研究珠三角地区不同空间分布的对虾养殖水体中氨氧化菌多样性的异同与探究养殖水体中氨氧化菌的硝化作用特征,应用PCR-DGGE技术,结合非加权算术平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析和多维尺度分析(MDS)的方法,对珠三角地区7个对虾养殖场的水样中氨氧化菌的多样性进行对比分析,继而构建了模拟养殖生态系统,评估了系统中微生物的硝化能力和硝化作用特征。结果表明:在养殖水体中,氨氧化古菌的类别明显少于氨氧化细菌,各样品间相似性较低,为41%到80%,没有高相似性的聚类;模拟系统中存在连续完整的亚硝化与硝化作用。     

变性梯度凝胶电泳法初步解析茯砖茶渥堆发酵过程中细菌群落结构

为解析茯砖茶渥堆发酵过程中细菌群落结构和种类,对渥堆过程中不同时间段细菌16S rDNA 的V3可变区进行扩增,对细菌变性梯度凝胶电泳（denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE）图谱中条带进行克隆、测序和序列比对。结果表明：黑毛茶在渥堆过程中以渥堆24 h为分界点,前后各自细菌群落结构相似,但前后的差异较大;从16S rDNA 的V3可变区比对结果证明黑毛茶渥堆过程中有诺卡氏菌属、新鞘脂菌属、短波单胞菌属、韦龙氏假单胞菌属、突那梭菌属、克雷伯氏菌属、乳杆菌属及不可培养的ε-变形菌、腐败螺旋菌属、黏球菌属、根瘤菌属和未知分类地位的不可培养细菌6 种。采用DGGE指纹图谱能更全面、更真实地反映黑毛茶渥堆发酵过程中细菌群落的结构和多样性变化。     

DGGE技术及其在食品微生物研究中应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术是一种分析微生物区系分子指纹技术,具有可靠性强、重复性好、方便快捷等优点,已被广泛应用于微生物分子生态学领域研究。该文对DGGE技术基本原理及其在食品微生物中多样性分析、食品微生物动态监测、快速检测等应用进行综述,并对该技术局限性和应用前景进行评述。     

Complex microbiota of a Chinese "Fen" liquor fermentation starter (Fen-Daqu), revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods

Daqu is a traditional fermentation starter that is used for Chinese liquor production. Although partly mechanized, its manufacturing process has remained traditional. We investigated the microbial diversity of Fen-Daqu, a starter for light-flavour liquor, using combined culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches (PCR-DGGE). A total of 190 microbial strains, comprising 109 bacteria and 81 yeasts and moulds, were isolated and identified on the basis of the sequences of their 16S rDNA (bacteria) and 26S rDNA and ITS regions (fungi). DGGE of DNA extracted from Daqu was used to complement the culture-dependent method in order to include non-culturable microbes. Both approaches revealed that Bacillus licheniformis was an abundant bacterial species, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Pichia kudriavzevii were the most common yeasts encountered in Fen-Daqu. Six genera of moulds (Absidia, Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor and Penicillium) were found. The potential function of these microorganisms in starters for alcoholic fermentation is discussed. In general the culture-based findings overlapped with those obtained by DGGE by a large extent. However, Weissella cibaria, Weissella confusa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus lactis, and Bacillus megaterium were only revealed by DGGE.     

Lactic acid bacteria ecology of three traditional fermented sausages produced in the North of Italy as determined by molecular methods

In this study the bacterial biodiversity during the maturation process of three traditional sausages produced in the North of Italy (Salame bergamasco, Salame cremonese and Salame mantovano) was investigated by using culture-dependent and -independent methods. Eleven plants, in the three provinces considered here, were selected because starter cultures were never used in the production. The bacterial ecology, as determined by plate counts, was dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with minor contribution of coagulase negative cocci and yeasts. After molecular identification of 486 LAB strains, the species more frequently isolated were Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus. This evidence was also confirmed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). All the samples analyzed were characterized by the constant presence of L. sakei and L. curvatus bands. A richer biodiversity was only detected at the beginning of maturation. The results obtained by the molecular characterization of the L. sakei and L. curvatus and by the cluster analysis of the DGGE profiles highlighted a plant-specific population, rather than a geographic characterization of the products, underlining how the environmental and processing conditions are able to select specific microbiota responsible for the main transformations during the fermentation and ripening of the sausages.     

Description of the microflora of sourdoughs by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods

Four types of sourdoughs (L, C, B, Q) from artisanal bakeries in Northern Italy were studied using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. In all samples, the yeast numbers ranged from 160 to 10⁷ cfu/g, and the numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ranged from 10³ to 10⁹ cfu/g. The isolated LAB were sequenced, and a similarity was noted between two samples (C, Q), both in terms of the species that were present and in terms of the percentage of isolates. In these two samples, Lactobacillus plantarum accounted for 73% and 89% of the bacteria, and Lactobacillus brevis represented 27% and 11%. In the third sample (B), however, the dominant LAB isolate was Lb. brevis (73%), while Lb. plantarum accounted for only 27%. The fourth sourdough (L) was completely different from the others. In this sample, the most prominent isolate was Weisella cibaria (56%), followed by Lb. plantarum (36%) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (8%). In three out of four samples (L, C and Q), all of the yeasts isolated were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yet only Candida humilis (90%) and Candida milleri (10%) were isolated in the fourth sample (B). The microbial ecology of the sourdoughs was also examined with direct methods. The results obtained by culture-independent methods and DGGE analysis underline a partial correspondence between the DNA and RNA analysis. These results demonstrate the importance of using a combined analytical approach to explore the microbial communities of sourdoughs.