PCR-DGGE分析东北传统发酵酸菜中乳酸菌多样性

以传统自然发酵的酸菜为研究对象,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reactiondenaturedgradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）技术监测酸菜发酵过程中细菌的动态变化,计算不同发酵时间细菌的多样性指数,并对图谱特异性条带进行克隆、测序、构建系统发育树。结果表明：酸菜发酵第40天多样性指数达最高值,说明此时细菌种群多样性最高;发酵过程中含丰富的乳酸菌,主要的优势菌群为乳杆菌属,包括植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、棒状乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、唾液乳杆菌以及Iwatensis乳杆菌。其中发酵前期的优势菌群为乳酸乳球菌和戊糖乳杆菌,而植物乳杆菌为发酵中后期的优势菌种。     

Bacterial diversity dynamics of traditional Turkish Ezine Cheese as evaluated by PCR‐DGGE and SSCP analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial ecosystem of milk and Ezine cheese by PCR amplification of the V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and by monitoring the bacterial diversity dynamics using PCR single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. PCR‐DGGE analysis revealed that 17 different bands and strains belonging to the Lactococcus lactis group and Streptococcus thermophilus were predominant during manufacturing and ripening. SSCP analysis revealed that the bacterial profiles of the two cheese samples were similar.     

Selection, application and monitoring of Lactobacillus paracasei strains as adjunct cultures in the production of Gouda-type cheeses

Raw milk cheeses have more intense flavours than cheeses made from pasteurized milk and harbour strains with potential adjunct properties. Two Lactobacillus paracasei strains, R-40926 and R-40937, were selected as potential adjunct cultures from a total of 734 isolates from good quality artisan raw milk Gouda-type cheeses on the basis of their prevalence in different cheese types and/or over several production batches, safety and technological parameters. Conventional culturing, isolation and identification and a combined PCR-DGGE approach using total cheese DNA extracts and DNA extracts obtained from culturable fractions were employed to monitor viability of the introduced adjuncts and their effect on the cheese microbiota. The control cheese made without adjuncts was dominated by members of the starter, i.e. Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. In the cheeses containing either R-40926 or R-40937, the respective adjuncts increased in number as ripening progressed indicating that both strains are well adapted to the cheese environment and can survive in a competitive environment in the presence of a commercial starter culture. Principal component analysis of cheese volatiles determined by steam distillation-extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry could differentiate cheeses made with different concentrations of adjunct R-40926 from the control cheese, and these differences could be correlated to the proteolytic and lipolytic properties of this strain. Collectively, results from microbiological and metabolic analyses indicate that the screening procedure followed throughout this study was successful in delivering potential adjunct candidates to enrich or extend the flavour palette of artisan Gouda-type cheeses under more controlled conditions.     

Alterations of the phylloepiphytic bacterial community associated with interactions of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage of packaged spinach at refrigeration temperatures

This study investigated the effects of packaging and storage temperature on the spinach phylloepiphytic bacterial community and fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Freshly harvested spinach was rinsed and/or disinfected, packaged and stored under typical retail conditions (4 °C) or under temperature abuse conditions (10 °C) for a period of 15 days. The final population size of culturable epiphytic bacteria after 15 days of storage was not affected by the temperature of storage or the presence of E. coli O157:H7. However, analysis of the bacterial community using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16s rDNA revealed changes with time of storage and the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Excision and sequencing of prominent DGGE bands identified that the majority of sequences belonged to the phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Alphaprotebacteria. After 10 days of storage at 4 °C or 10 °C the population became more dominated by psychrotrophic bacteria. Removal of the epiphytic bacteria resulted in significant increases in numbers of E coli O157:H7 at 10 °C and was associated with decreased expression of E. coli O157:H7 virulence (stxA, curli, eaeA) and stress response (rpoS, sodB) genes. In conclusion, storage temperature and time of storage of packaged spinach affected the diversity of the epiphytic spinach microbiota which influenced the growth, establishment, physiology and potentially virulence of E. coli O157:H7.     

用DGGE方法初步解析浓香型大曲微生物群落结构

以沱牌酒厂地面曲和架子曲为研究对象,将地面曲和架子曲的曲皮和曲心微生物总DNA进行了细菌V3区、古菌V7～V8区和真菌18S rDNA片段扩增后,利用DGGE及Quantity Qne软件分析,同时对大曲真菌DGGE图谱中主要优势条带进行克隆测序。结果表明,曲内微生物群落结构主要因大曲的不同部位而有所差异,制曲方式占次要地位。从2种曲中均检测出了嗜热真菌丝衣霉状篮状菌(Talaromyces byssochlamydoides)及入窖粮糟中也存在孢圆酵母(Torulaspora)。     

应用PCR-DGGE指纹技术解析清香型大曲生产过程中酵母群落结构

用PCR．DGGE指纹技术分析了清香型大曲在生产过程中酵母类微生物的演替规律。共检测到Issatchenkla、Pichia、Saccharomyces、Glomeromycota、Saccharomycopsis、Geotrichum、Rhizopus等7个真菌分类属微生物。其Issatchenkla orientalis在大曲整个生产过程中占绝对优势,Glomeromycota为不可培养微生物。     

Occurrence and diversity of free-living protozoa on butterhead lettuce

The occurrence and diversity of free-living protozoa (FLP) on butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was investigated using four different sampling techniques (washing, swabbing, homogenization, and excising). FLP were recovered from all leaf samples (n = 64), and cultures were FLP-positive after 1 week. Identification of FLP was performed by light microscopy and sequencing of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-separated 18S rRNA gene fragments. Bodo saltans, Spumella (-like) spp. and Cercozoa were the most common heterotrophic nanoflagellates. Amoebae belonged mainly to the Vannellida and Tubulinida. Colpoda steinii and Cyclidium glaucoma were the most common ciliates. The total number of FLP on middle leaves estimated by the Most Probable Number method ranged from 9.3 × 10² MPN/g to 2.4 × 10⁵ MPN/g leaf, with flagellates (92 MPN/g to 2.4 × 10⁵ MPN/g) being more abundant than amoebae (< 3 MPN/g to 9.3 × 10³ MPN/g) and ciliates (< 3 MPN/g to 9.3 × 10² MPN/g). Washing or rinsing leaves followed by spin-drying in a household salad spinner reduced the protozoan number with maximum one log unit. Our survey shows that FLP on lettuce leaves are a common and diverse but largely unexplored group of microorganisms.     

Molecular analysis of bacterial communities in raw cow milk and the impact of refrigeration on its structure and dynamics

The impact of refrigeration on raw cow milk bacterial communities in three farm bulk tanks and three dairy plant silo tanks was studied using two methods: DGGE and cloning. Both methods demonstrated that bacterial taxonomic diversity decreased during refrigeration. Gammaproteobacteria, especially Pseudomonadales, dominated the milk after refrigeration. Farm samples and dairy plant samples differed in their microbial community composition, the former showing prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria affiliated with the classes Bacilli, Clostridia and Actinobacteria, the latter showing prevalence of Gram-negative species belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria class. Actinobacteria prevalence in the farm milk samples immediately after collection stood at about 25% of the clones. A previous study had found that psychrotolerant Actinobacteria identified in raw cow milk demonstrated both lipolytic and proteolytic enzymatic activity. Thus, we conclude that although Pseudomonadales play an important role in milk spoilage after long periods of cold incubation, Actinobacteria occurrence may play an important role when assessing the quality of milk arriving at the dairy plant from different farms. As new cooling technologies reduce the initial bacterial counts of milk to very low levels, more sensitive and efficient methods to evaluate the bacterial quality of raw milk are required. The present findings are an important step towards achieving this goal.     

Effect of high pressure treatment on microbial populations of sliced vacuum-packed cooked ham

In this study, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to reveal the microbial diversity and dynamic changes occurring in sliced vacuum-packed cooked ham after high pressure processing (HPP, 400MPa or 600MPa for 10min at 22°C) during refrigerated storage over 90days. Direct extraction of genome DNA and total RNA from meat samples, followed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and RT-PCR-DGGE on 16S rDNA V3 region, was performed to define the structure of the bacterial populations and active species in pressurized cooked ham. Results showed that HPP affected differently the various species detected. The predominant spoilage organisms of cooked ham, such as Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus, were found to be very sensitive to pressure as they were unable to be detected in HPP samples at any time during refrigerated storage. Weissella viridescens and Leuconostoc mesenteroides survived HPP at 600MPa for 10min at 22°C and were responsible for the final spoilage. An RNA-based DGGE approach clearly has potential for the analysis of active species that have survived in pressurized cooked ham. High pressure processing at 400 or 600MPa for 10min at room temperature (22°C) has a powerful inhibitory effect on the major spoilage bacteria of sliced vacuum-packed cooked ham. High pressure treatment may lead to reduced microbial diversity and improve the products' safety.