绿色病房采光设计方法探究——以济南为例

绿色病房是利用现代绿色建筑技术营造出的良好住院环境,是充分考虑病人心理需求的就医空间,是建筑技术与人性关怀的统一体。病房环境对病患的生理与心理影响极大,其自然采光设计尤其重要。病房楼应具有良好的布局与适宜的形态;绿色病房应在满足热工性能的前提下尽可能开大窗、低窗,并通过合理采用反射、导光等技术提高病房深处的照度。以济南地区为例,为病房的采光设计提供借鉴的方法与数据的参考,为相关标准提出改进的建议。     

北京天然光总照度变化趋势分析

基于北京连续54年太阳辐射数据,结合中国辐射光当量模型,获取北京天然光年总照度值和月总照度值。应用Mann—Kendall检验方法分析北京天然光年和月总照度值年际变化趋势,结果表明：北京天然光年总照度基本变化趋势为明显减少,且在1977年突变发生后其下降趋势明显增加;各月月总照度值基本年际变化趋势为明显减少,其中7月月总照度值下降幅度最大。11月月总照度值下降幅度最小;除5月在1967年发生突变外,其它月份的突变均发生在1975—1981年之间;各月天然光月总照度值年际变化在突变前为不明显波动变化趋势,突变后均为明显增加的下降趋势。云量及由大气污染所产生的气溶胶光学厚度是造成北京年与月总照度值持续下降的重要因素。     

Lightswitch-2002: a model for manual and automated control of electric lighting and blinds

A simulation algorithm is proposed that predicts the lighting energy performance of manually and automatically controlled electric lighting and blind systems in private and two-person offices. Algorithm inputs are annual profiles of user occupancy and work plane illuminances. These two inputs are combined with probabilistic switching patterns, which have been derived from field data, in order to predict the status of the electric lighting and blinds throughout the year. The model features four different user types to mimic variation in control behavior between different occupants.An example application in a private office with a southern facade yields that––depending on the user type––the electric lighting energy demand for a manually controlled electric lighting and blind system ranges from 10 to 39 kW h/m² yr. The predicted mean energy savings of a switch-off occupancy sensor in the example office are 20%. Depending on how reliably occupants switch off a dimmed lighting system, mean electric lighting energy savings due to a daylight-linked photocell control range from 60% to zero.     

一种有前途的采光照明方式──光纤采光

本文介绍了光纤采光系统的原理、构成，并分析了光纤采光系统的应用前景。     

Illuminance-based slat angle selection model for automated control of split blinds

Venetian blinds play an important role in controlling daylight in buildings. Automated blinds overcome some limitations of manual blinds; however, the existing automated systems mainly control the direct solar radiation and glare and cannot be used for controlling innovative blind systems such as split blinds. This research developed an Illuminance-based Slat Angle Selection (ISAS) model that predicts the optimum slat angles of split blinds to achieve the designed indoor illuminance. The model was constructed based on a series of multi-layer feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs). The illuminance values at the sensor points used to develop the ANNs were obtained by the software EnergyPlus™. The weather determinants (such as horizontal illuminance and sun angles) were used as the input variables for the ANNs. The illuminance level at a sensor point was the output variable for the ANNs. The ISAS model was validated by evaluating the errors in the calculation of the: 1) illuminance and 2) optimum slat angles. The validation results showed that the power of the ISAS model to predict illuminance was 94.7% while its power to calculate the optimum slat angles was 98.5%. For about 90% of time in the year, the illuminance percentage errors were less than 10%, and the percentage errors in calculating the optimum slat angles were less than 5%. This research offers a new approach for the automated control of split blinds and a guide for future research to utilize the adaptive nature of ANNs to develop a more practical and applicable blind control system.     

美国新生儿重症监护室设计思路变迁——问卷调研及设计思考

本研究通过对美国多家医院的新生儿重症监护室医学主任发放问卷,调研医院新生儿重症监护室的具体建成时间、房间类型及采光模式.结果显示1990年以前主要为多人病房,20世纪90年代中期单人独立病房出现并得到快速发展,2～3床病房是介于两者之间的过渡类型;接近一半的病房享有自然光,而外墙开窗为引进自然采光的主要渠道.美国新生儿重症监护室的整体设计趋势为减少单间病房容纳人数,强调建立个人化、家庭化的空间以适应以家庭为中心的护理模式需求.     

Study of a novel sunlight concentrating and optical fibre guiding system

This paper presents the experimental investigation of a novel sunlight concentrating and optical fibre guiding system for daylighting applications. The key part of the system is a sunlight concentrator unit which includes a novel mirror image co-focus compound parabolic concentrator. The structure and working principle of an experimental sunlight concentrating and optical fibre guiding system are introduced. Under a real sky condition, the experimental system was investigated to determine its performance and characteristics. The relationship curves between the internal illuminance of the integrating box and external illuminance are given for different tracking accuracy values and optical fibre geometries. The transmittance of the experimental system is calculated from the measured illuminance values. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the novel sunlight concentrating and optical fibre guiding system for daylighting applications.     

Untangling parameters: A formalized framework for identifying overlapping design parameters between two disciplines for creating an interdisciplinary parametric model

Employing an interdisciplinary approach in design is an important part of the future of architecture. Therefore, taking a step toward better understanding the overlaps between disciplines, and formalizing the process of integration between disciplines accelerates progress in the field. In examining an interdisciplinary design approach using computational design and simulation tools, while considering shell structures as a special case for spanning large-span roofs, structural and daylighting discipline are considered. The aim is to understand what are the design parameters that co-exist in the structural and daylighting design disciplines, and how may these parameters be implemented in a parametric model created by designers. The parametric model that includes discipline specific parameters can later be used for interdisciplinary performance-based design. Implementing design parameters calls for an understanding of the ways in which parameters affect design and performance. This research considers the application of parametric design methods at the early stages of design for designing high-performance buildings.     

An empirical validation of the daylighting algorithms and associated interactions in building energy simulation programs using various shading devices and windows

Empirical validation of building energy simulation programs is an important technique in examining the effectiveness and accuracies of implemented algorithms. In recent years, daylighting algorithms incorporated in building energy simulation programs have become increasingly sophisticated in their abilities to predict the illuminance, light power reductions, and the associated thermal load interactions. The focus of this study was to examine measured and simulated light levels in an actual building constructed for research purposes. Daylighting models were constructed in EnergyPlus and DOE-2.1E and the predicted illuminance and light power were compared with measurements; an assessment of heating and cooling interactions using a variable-air-volume reheat (VAVRH) system was also performed by analyzing reheat coil powers for the VAV boxes. The average differences from EnergyPlus for reference point daylight illuminance, light power, and reheat coil power predictions were within 119.2%, 16.9%, and 17.3%, respectively. DOE-2.1E predicted reference point daylight illuminances were within 114.1%, light powers were within 26.3%, and reheat coil power were within 25.4%.