景感生态学研究进展及其对人居环境科学的启示

面对中国城镇化中后期的发展需求,中 国人居环境科学亟需建立科学共同体,探寻基 于共性科学问题解决的认知方法和技术解决方 案。景感生态学（landsenses ecology）作为近年 来生态学发展较快的分支之一,以生态学基本 原理为基础,继承了中国传统人居营建优良传 统,对我国人居环境科学的发展具有重要借鉴 意义。首先,明确了景感生态学具有学科融合、 技术支撑与多尺度空间实践引导的基本特征, 将景感生态学的核心思想归纳为人感尺度的生 态特征与以人为本的景感营造。其次,解构了景 感生态学的技术方法,总结了物联网、趋善化模 型、生态信息数据系统等多种技术方法在土地 利用规划、建设与管理中的应用途径。进而,探索了景感生态学对我国人居环境科学的重要启示：生态过程与人类感知的全尺度交互;从分散到 融合的多源数据信息优化;从景观到景感的空间营造思维转变。     

A review of Listeria monocytogenes: An update on outbreaks,virulence, dose-response,ecology, and risk assessments

Improved control measures starting in the 1990s have greatly reduced the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in many food categories, particularly in meats and meat products. However, the rate of listeriosis has remained constant during the last decade and the more severe, systemic (invasive) form of listeriosis is now recognized as occurring more frequently in small outbreaks than previously recognized. This review addresses the recent advances in epidemiology and virulence, in growth and modelling, and insights from the risk assessments. Recognition of recent outbreaks from food vehicles not traditionally associated with L. monocytogenes (celery, cantaloupe, mung bean sprouts, stone fruits, caramel apples and ice cream) was facilitated by PFGE and, increasingly, whole genome sequencing. The Key Events framework, an understanding of the key individual biochemical steps from ingestion to infection, provides a structure for relating new knowledge on strain variability, mutations, and host susceptibility to the probability of illness. Guidance for determination of the growth/no growth potential of a food has been issued by several regulatory authorities and the risk assessments indicate that prevention of growth remains a principle control element. The recognition of biofilm formation and the possible existence of dormant, non-dividing persister cells will require additional attention. The recent outbreaks underscored the individual characteristics of specific foods (melons vs all fruit; microenvironments in the caramel apples) and raised questions about the current understanding of infectivity of lower doses and the susceptibility of specific individuals. Advances have been made in these areas, but further research is clearly necessary to control this pathogen.     

岭南居住建筑中的生态美与人性美——广州园林与骑楼的实证研究

园林与骑楼是岭南居住建筑中两种独特的类型。两者看似差别迥异,却都包含了基于岭南独特地理背景下的生态美与人性美。以广州园林和骑楼为代表,阐释和分析在岭南居住建筑中生态美与人性美的表现方式,探讨环境、人与建筑三者之间的关系,从而探寻岭南居住建筑中生态美与人性美之间的平衡点与结合点。     

数控机床对刀原理及方法

数控机床的对刀操作是数控加工中重要而关键的环节,对刀精度直接影响零件的加工质量,而对刀效率也与数控加工效率密切相关。文中阐述了数控加工的对刀原则和常用方法,分析了各种对刀方法的优缺点。     

A genetic algorithm solution to the design of slat-type shading system

This article presents a technique for the design of slat-type blinds based on the their relative light intensity distribution under a uniform light source. The technique offers a new approach using a genetic algorithm in order to evolve the design according to a set of parameters.     

Impact of window blinds on daylight-linked dimming and automatic on/off lighting controls

This paper presents the field-measured performance of two commercial photocontrolled lighting systems, continuous dimming and automatic on/off, as a function of various configurations of manual and photocontrolled automatic venetian blinds. The performance indicators considered were the space illumination and the electric lighting consumption as a function of blind slat angle and retraction area. The results showed that under clear sky and without blinds both lighting control systems reduced the lighting energy consumption on average by 50–60% when compared to lights fully on from 6 AM to 6 PM. These savings, however, dropped by 5–45% for the dimming system, and by 5–80% for the automatic on/off system with the introduction of various static window blind configurations. The savings in lighting energy were more significant when the lighting control systems were used with photocontrolled blinds. This was due to the capability of the blinds to adjust their position automatically in direct response to the variable daylight levels.     

Silica aerogel granulate material for thermal insulation and daylighting

Silica aerogel granulate is a nanostructured material with high solar transmittance and low thermal conductivity. These properties offer exciting applications in building envelopes. One objective of the joint R&D project ISOTEG at ZAE Bayern was to develop and characterize a new glazing element based on granular silica aerogel. Heat transfer coefficients of less than 0.4 W/(m² K) and a total solar energy transmittance of 35% for the whole glazing unit were achieved. The glazing has a thickness of less than 50 mm. Another application for granular silica aerogel is, for example, in solar collectors.The thermal properties of the glazing as well as the optical and thermal properties of the granular aerogels are presented here. The solar transmittance of a 10 mm packed bed of silica aerogel was 53% for semi-translucent spheres and 88% for highly translucent granulate. In our heat transfer experiments the gas pressure, external pressure load, temperature and gas filling were varied. The various thermal conductivity values measured for the glazing and collector applications were compared to the values calculated using two different packed bed models. For the gas-dependent measurements the intergranular voids in the granulate were 1.0 ± 0.1 mm before loading the packed bed, 0.3 ± 0.1 mm at an external load of 3.2 bar (3.2 × 10⁵ Pa) and 0.6 ± 0.1 mm after release.A direct radiative conduction of λ_direct = 4.5 ± 0.5 × 10⁻³ W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ was obtained.     

晋东南传统民居生态特性研究初探

在进入21世纪后,“可持续发展”的观念开始深入影响人的各个方面.“生态建筑”概念的提出成为人们对建筑与自然之间关系重新思考的重要标志,“生态”化的设计及技术成为当今建筑设计中必须考虑的重要内容.生态技术不仅存在于高技术之中,同样也存在于传统技术之中.必须认识到,对传统建筑的生态技术研究必须更深入具体才能使其具有可操作性...     

材料在住宅表皮中的运用趋势

文章从生态节能与住宅表皮的关系入手,研究材料对住宅表皮系统的影响和驱动;并从材料的属性和结构出发,结合实例提出材料在住宅表皮中的运用趋势主要表现为原生态、地方性材料的回归,传统材料的创新性使用以及革新型、复合型材料的研发和使用对住宅表皮生态性能的提升;同时探讨材料在住宅表皮中所体现的美学价值、经济价值、文化价值和生态价...     

绿色生态——二十一世纪室内设计的主旋律

室内绿色环保设计就是室内设计可持续发展的生态的艺术设计,它是科技和艺术的完美结合,是今后室内设计的必然趋势。