Lighting preferences in office spaces concerning the indoor thermal environment

The accurate prediction of the visual comfort zone in an indoor environment is difficult as it depends on many parameters. This is especially the case for large compact urban areas in which the density and shadow from neighboring buildings can limit the accessible daylighting in indoor spaces. This paper investigates the satisfaction range for illuminance regarding indoor air temperature in office buildings and the significant parameters affecting this range in six office buildings in Tehran, Iran. Lighting comfort has been evaluated by a subjective survey (509 total responses) and field measurement. The questionnaires were filled out in 146 and 109 rooms in summer and winter, respectively. The results show that the illuminance should not be less than 550 lx, while illuminance between 600 and 650 lx provides the highest satisfaction level. The satisfaction with lighting level is affected by individual parameters such as age, type of activity, and environmental parameters such as window orientation, external obscurations, and season. A relationship was observed between lighting level satisfaction and thermal condition acceptance, and the overall comfort depends more on thermal conditions than the lighting level.     

Ecology on the edge:: Landscape and ecology between town and country

The trends are world wide: people and goods are increasingly mobile, compact cities develop into urban networks, industrialising agriculture is becoming footloose, rural life becomes urban life in a green setting. Social segregation, traffic nuisance, urban sprawl and other unwanted impacts of these trends challenge urban and regional planners. The search for planning answers to these issues is further complicated by the need for sustainable development at a global scale. What is the role of ecology in the context of the discussions on the future of town and country? The traditional, and still dominant, approach is based on the polarity of urban and rural worlds. In this perspective, ecology focuses on the ‘nature’ of protected areas and biodiversity. The papers in this special issue explore the prospects of a wider perspective in which natural processes are seen as basic to both, rural and urban development. This article is digging up the fundamental ‘discourses’ underlying the two approaches to ecology and nature. Firstly, the ‘object-oriented’ and ‘process-oriented’ discourses are analysed. Secondly, the prospects of a process-oriented discourse are illustrated with plans for the Dutch Randstad and the German Ruhr area. Then, some new concepts are introduced that may strengthen the institutional conditions for the process-oriented approach. Discourses, concepts, plans and projects all circle around the central question in this article about the role of ecology in planning the edge of the city.     

建筑学的第三次革命：走向生态建筑体系

从生态角度分析了建筑的历史演变,认为建筑学正在发生第三次革命,正在走向生态建筑体系,并从理论上对生态建筑体系的建构进行了探索的研究。     

生态原点——气候建筑

从乡土建筑入手,回顾建筑学与气候相关的历史,探讨乡土建筑对气候的反馈特征及现代气候建筑的成果。     

城市中心的生态、高效、立体公共空间——上海静安寺广场

上海静安寺广场位于城市中心区,是静安寺地区绿色中心的核心,其设计不追求气魄,努力寻求绿色生态２化,多功能高效化和地上地下一体化的特色。     

Approaches to Forest Edges as Dynamic Structures and Functional Concepts

In cultural landscapes within temperate regions, forest edges - the transitions or edges between forest and open landscape - can comprise specific habitats. Forest edges are the result of the interaction between cultural land use and the dynamic properties of edge vegetation. Forest edges are of potential interest for multiple - use landscape planning and may be protected and promoted within forest policies. Different approaches to describing and understanding forest edges are presented. The influence of cultural land use and landscape dynamics on the physical structure of forest edges in the landscape is emphasized. Forest edges are compared to other types of edge habitats. Functional edge concepts from landscape ecology (edge effects, ecotones and boundaries) are reviewed, focusing on the role of edges at a landscape scale. The different approaches merge to the conclusions that origin, structure and function of forest edges are closely interrelated; edges are relative concepts and need to be studied and defined in relation to a specific purpose and scale; forest edges are highly dynamic in space and time; processes at edges can influence processes in the entire landscape; and the dynamic properties of edges can best be understood if studied at a landscape scale. A landscape perspective to edge management is suggested.     

面向生态的住区绿化设计

本文针对国内住区环境绿化设计的不足,指出住区绿化设计应面向生态,在借鉴国外环境绿化设计经验的基础上,提出了建筑与绿化应走向整合,并介绍了重庆“天奇花园”立体绿化系统的构思与设计。     

景感生态学研究进展及其对人居环境科学的启示

面对中国城镇化中后期的发展需求,中 国人居环境科学亟需建立科学共同体,探寻基 于共性科学问题解决的认知方法和技术解决方 案。景感生态学（landsenses ecology）作为近年 来生态学发展较快的分支之一,以生态学基本 原理为基础,继承了中国传统人居营建优良传 统,对我国人居环境科学的发展具有重要借鉴 意义。首先,明确了景感生态学具有学科融合、 技术支撑与多尺度空间实践引导的基本特征, 将景感生态学的核心思想归纳为人感尺度的生 态特征与以人为本的景感营造。其次,解构了景 感生态学的技术方法,总结了物联网、趋善化模 型、生态信息数据系统等多种技术方法在土地 利用规划、建设与管理中的应用途径。进而,探索了景感生态学对我国人居环境科学的重要启示：生态过程与人类感知的全尺度交互;从分散到 融合的多源数据信息优化;从景观到景感的空间营造思维转变。     

天人共荣的森林激情同享的奥运

营造富有"森林"氛围、生态健全的山林公园,通过山林公园开敞的绿色空间、绿丘及水岛系列向中心区渗透,使奥林匹克公园形成绿色的有机整体;以中轴景观路作为城市文脉象征,贯穿中心区、形成空间序列的绿色中枢;通过节点广场集中表现奥运精神,注重人的尺度以形成广泛参与、激情共享的奥运氛围.建立历史遗存走廊,延续场址文脉,作为城市文脉的丰富与补充,体现中国传统文化、奥林匹克精神、以及对人与自然的关怀.     

生态型绿化法在上海"近自然"群落建设中的应用

应用生态型绿化法建设"近自然"群落是城市植被恢复的种新途径.生态型绿化以生态学潜在自然植被和群落演替基本理论为依据,选择适生乡土植物,应用容器育苗和"近自然"苗木种植技术,超常速、低造价地营造具有群落结构完整、物种多样性丰富、生物量高、趋于稳定状态、后期完全遵循自然循环规律的"少人工管理型"绿地.生态型绿化法已在世界各地广泛应用,对于推动我国城市绿化也将起到重要作用.