预辐射聚丙烯纤维接枝N-异丙基丙烯酰胺及其对Fe(II)离子的吸附

采用预辐射接枝法,将N?异丙基丙烯酰胺(N-Isopropylacryamide,NIPAAm)接枝于聚丙烯纤维。研究了不同条件下接枝纤维对亚铁离子的吸附和解吸附情况。结果表明,在较低温度(5℃)及pH≈0条件下,接枝纤维对金属离子(Fe2 )具有良好的吸附性能;而在较高温度(50℃)下pH≈3时,被吸附的Fe2 几乎能被较完全解脱下来。     

Desorption characteristics of uncoated silicon microcantilever surfaces for explosive and common nonexplosive vapors

We measured the desorption of explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) vapors from piezoresistive silicon microcantilevers under ambient air. Depending on the amount of vapor loaded on the cantilever, TNT desorption took a few minutes to tens of minutes (for nanogram quantities). On the other hand, no significant loss of PETN or RDX was observed after many hours. We also measured desorption of common “nonexplosive” compounds (water, acetone, and ethyl alcohol) and observed that desorption was too fast to be measured. There is a good correlation between the desorption time and the melting point (or the vapor pressure) of a particular substance. In principle, this method can be used to measure desorption rates of various substances from cantilever surfaces.     

Dehydrogenation kinetics and modeling studies of MgH2 enhanced by NbF5 catalyst using constant pressure thermodynamic forces

In this research, the effect of NbF₅ as an additive on the hydrogen desorption kinetics of MgH₂ was investigated and compared to TiH₂, Mg₂Ni and Nb₂O₅ catalysts. The kinetics measurements were done using a method in which the ratio of the equilibrium plateau pressure to the opposing pressure was the same for all the reactions. The data showed NbF₅ to be vastly superior to the other catalysts for improving the desorption kinetics of MgH₂. The rates of desorption were found to be in the order NbF₅ ? Nb₂O₅ > Mg₂Ni > TiH₂ > Pure MgH₂. Kinetic modeling measurements showed that chemical reaction at the phase boundary to be the likely process controlling the reaction rates. TPD analyses showed the mixture with NbF₅ has the lowest desorption temperature although it was accompanied with some weight penalty.     

Dynamic modeling of the secondary drying stage of freeze drying reveals distinct desorption kinetics for bound water

In freeze drying, the desorption step for reaching a low target moisture content may take a significant fraction of the total process duration. Because the long-term stability of freeze-dried biological products strongly depends on the current moisture content, modeling the desorption process may help safely optimize the secondary drying step. Most published models assume a first-order desorption kinetic, but experimental evidence shows that strongly bound water in the monolayer takes a much longer time to be desorbed than less bound water in multilayer. The proposed model for desorption of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria preparation accounts for monolayer and multilayer water state in the solid matrix, with very different desorption kinetics. Results showed that the ratio of characteristic desorption times (monolayer/multilayer) was almost 30. Temperature dependence was adequately described by an Arrhenius law in the range of 15 to 40°C. Model parameter identification used simultaneously gravimetric measurements with high time resolution and direct Karl-Fisher titration, from several experiments at different, time-varying temperatures.     

Temperature-induced impacts on groundwater quality and arsenic mobility in anoxic aquifer sediments used for both drinking water and shallow geothermal energy production

Aquifers used for the production of drinking water are increasingly being used for the generation of shallow geothermal energy. This causes temperature perturbations far beyond the natural variations in aquifers and the effects of these temperature variations on groundwater quality, in particular trace elements, have not been investigated. Here, we report the results of column experiments to assess the impacts of temperature variations (5°C, 11°C, 25°C and 60°C) on groundwater quality in anoxic reactive unconsolidated sandy sediments derived from an aquifer system widely used for drinking water production in the Netherlands. Our results showed that at 5 °C no effects on water quality were observed compared to the reference of 11°C (in situ temperature). At 25°C, As concentrations were significantly increased and at 60 °C, significant increases were observed pH and DOC, P, K, Si, As, Mo, V, B, and F concentrations. These elements should therefore be considered for water quality monitoring programs of shallow geothermal energy projects. No consistent temperature effects were observed on Na, Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mn, Al, Ba, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Eu, Ho, Sb, Sc, Yb, Ga, La, and Th concentrations, all of which were present in the sediment. The temperature-induced chemical effects were probably caused by (incongruent) dissolution of silicate minerals (K and Si), desorption from, and potentially reductive dissolution of, iron oxides (As, B, Mo, V, and possibly P and DOC), and mineralisation of sedimentary organic matter (DOC and P).     

压裂改造复合页岩气藏不稳定压力与产量分析方法

为了给页岩气现场开发提供理论依据,考虑页岩气扩散、黏性流、解吸等多种传质机理,建立了复合页岩气藏的综合流动数学模型。基质中考虑浓度差引起的非稳态流动,内外区裂缝中考虑达西流动,水力压裂主裂缝考虑为无限导流;引入了新的无因次量,在椭圆坐标系下综合运用拉氏变换、Mathieu函数、Stehfest数值反演等方法对数学模型进行了解析求解;分析了定产量条件下不稳定压力和定井底压力条件下产量的变化特征,基于不稳定压力曲线将页岩气流动划分为7个流动阶段,即井筒储集阶段、过渡流阶段、早期线性流阶段、基质向裂缝窜流阶段、早期径向流动阶段、第一径向流与第二径向流的过渡阶段、第二径向流动阶段,为复合页岩气藏生产动态分析提供了理论基础。研究结果表明:增大改造区域半径和渗透率可以提高页岩气产量;扩散系数越大、兰格缪尔体积和兰格缪尔压力越大,页岩气产量越大,气藏初始压力高对页岩气的开发具有积极的影响。结论认为,所建立的综合流动数学模型丰富了页岩气多级压裂水平井开发分析方法。     

如何破解我国煤层气开发的技术难题——以沁水盆地南部煤层气藏为例

平均单井产量低已成为制约我国煤层气产业发展的主要瓶颈,直接导致了煤层气开发经济效益低。为此,以山西省东南部沁水盆地南部煤层气藏为例,总结了中国石油华北油田公司在该区煤层气产业的发展及技术现状,梳理了煤层气开发所存在的关键问题:①煤层气开发工程技术不适应特有的地质特征变化;②煤层气田成熟区块仍存在大量的低效区;③单纯增大压裂规模并未能有效提高单井产量;④多分支水平井单井产量高,但总体产能到位率仍偏低;⑤现场管控总体缺乏科学依据。进而对我国煤层气的后续开发提出了以下建议:①改变产能建设模式、提高产能建设效率;②改进地质研究方法,科学设计井位和井型;③用辩证思维的方式,构建主体技术;④优化水平井的设计,提高技术的适用性;⑤改变压裂改造方式,提高单井产量;⑥改变排采工艺,提高投资效益。通过采取以上措施,将有可能破解我国煤层气开发的技术难题。     

Sorption of ruthenium by dipropylmethyl-2-(N,N-diisobutyl) acetamidoammonium iodide impregnated Amberlite XAD-4 resin from nitric acid medium

Dipropylmethyl-2-(N,N-diisobutyl)acetamidoammonium iodide has been impregnated on Amberlite XAD-4 resin and investigated for sorption of Ru from nitric acid medium. Equilibrium sorption data for Ru uptake were represented well by the Langmuir isotherm equation (R² = 0.98) compared to Freundlich isotherm equation (R² = 0.86). The maximum monolayer coverage (Q₀) value of 6.25 mg/g as obtained from Langmuir isotherm was close to the experimental value (5.63 mg/g). The heterogeneity parameter (1/n) = 0.37 obtained from the slope of Freundlich isotherm indicates slight heterogeneity in sorption process. Aqueous solutions of 5% ammonia or 10% sodium hydroxide were found suitable for desorption. The method can be applied for separation of Ru from acidic waste solutions.     

啤酒酵母对镉离子的吸附及镉离子的解吸

研究了啤酒酵母对镉的生物吸附过程及吸附后镉的解析过程.吸附试验表明:啤酒酵母吸附镉的速度非常快;初始pH值对镉的吸附影响较大,吸附过程最佳初始pH范围为4～8之间;啤酒酵母有调节pH值的作用,初始pH值为4～8的溶液在吸附反应后,最终pH值均为5.8左右;酵母用量对吸附有一定影响,但用量不宜过大;Cd2 的初始浓度对吸附影响较小,因而啤酒酵母可处理高浓度含镉废水.解吸试验表明:用稀盐酸可将吸附于啤酒酵母的镉快速解吸,盐酸浓度对解吸率影响不大.     

鱼香肉丝真空冷冻干燥工艺方案的再探讨

在文献[1]研究的基础上,发现在冻干组合型物料时会出现干燥速度不一致的问题,采用将物料分拣的方法可以解决这个问题.这种方法有两个优点:1.是优化耗能问题,2.是可以单独将真空冷冻的肉丝作肉松用、笋丝和木耳作为方便菜用,这样可以扩大销售渠道,从而降低冻干鱼香肉丝的成本,是很好的消费思路.