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由于管内天然气的不断冲刷,温度、压力、振动、季节变化,地质变化,人为等因素的影响,使天然气输送管道不可避免地会发生密封失效的问题,如不及时处理,密封失效的程度将会扩大,导致天然气大量泄漏,造成能源物料流失、污染环境,重则引起火灾、爆炸、中毒、伤亡等恶性事故,严重威胁着天然气输送管道正常运行。因此,泄漏的预防及在动态条件下及时有效地消除泄漏是天然气管道输送管理工作的重要内容。文章分析了天然气输送管道中生产泄漏的原因,介绍了在不影响正常操作的条件下,消除泄漏的动态密封技术,论述了天然气输送管道上法兰泄漏、直管泄漏、三通泄漏、弯头泄漏及填料泄漏的具体消除手段。     

Cr5Mo热浸渗铝炉管在焦化装置加热炉中的应用

报道Cr5Mo热浸渗铝钢的特性和在延迟焦化装置加热炉中的应用情况 ,通过试样所取得的试验数据和红外监测的结果对比 ,证明Cr5Mo管渗铝后完全满足焦化加热炉的使用要求 ,可以使辐射室炉管的使用寿命大大延长。     

曲轴扭振数字信号特殊畸点的研究

内燃机曲轴扭振数字化测量中,因复杂的外界干扰,采集数据中不可避免地存在畸点,从而严重影响到测量结果的正确性和测量精度。从曲轴扭振数字化测量原理出发,推导出了畸点判据,又通过对大量实测时间序列逐点绘图,对各种畸点的特性进行了全面分析和归类,并结合硬件特点,归纳了各类畸点相应的处理方法。应用结果证明,这套方法能有效判定并滤除采集数据中的畸点。     

高放废物处理、处置的国际现状分析

本文评述了高放废物处理、处置的国际现状,包括:乏燃料的后处理、贮存和直接处置;高放废液的固化方法和高放废物的处置方法。     

中低放废物近地表处置顶盖设计与审评的计算机程序（HELP）的验证与应用

本文介绍了对美国环保局用于中低放废物近地表处置顶盖设计和审评的计算机程序ＨＥＬＰ程序的验证与应用。用本院包气带水分运移现场试验数据对ＨＥＬＰ程序进行了验证分析，结果表明ＨＥＬＰ程序的预测结果是合理的。用ＨＥＬＰ程序分析了我国西南地区条件下顶盖表面层厚度和表面层状况对顶盖中水分分布的影响，在此基础上对典型顶盖性能进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明，顶盖表面植被对顶盖中水分分布影响很大，在顶盖设计中应充分重视；在潮湿地区，废物处置的安全性必须考虑处置系统的化学屏障作用。建议在今后的顶盖研究中，加入工程经济的内容，以实现顶盖设计的优化。     

What to Do with Spent Bleaching Earth? A Review

Animal fats and cold-pressed vegetable oils hardly need bleaching but when vegetable oils started to be produced by solvent extraction, the resulting oils were too dark to sell as such. That also holds for palm oil. Bleaching these oils with bleaching clay solved their color problems but led to the problem of spent earth disposal. Many ways of treating spent earth and ways of disposal have been suggested and/or developed in the past. They will be reviewed in this paper. Given the recent observation that slurrying spent bleaching earth with crude oil inhibits the deterioration of the residual oil in the earth, leads to the conclusion that, for an integrated oil mill-cum-refinery, the best way of spent bleaching earth disposal is the recycling of the earth to the solvent extractor, whereas stand-alone refineries are advised to sell their spent earth to chicken feed manufacturers. In future, a high-temperature hydrolysis process that can treat all kinds of fatty waste may become an attractive means of disposal as well.     

Investigations into the characteristics of oils produced from co-pyrolysis of biomass and tire

Co-pyrolysis of wood biomass and waste tire with such catalysts as SBA-15, MCM-41 and HZSM-5 was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The influences of the mixture composition on liquid yield and characteristics of the oil were investigated. The properties of the oil were determined by gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), elemental analyzer (EA), thermal analyzer (TA), densimeter, ubbelohde viscosimeter and compared with that of diesel oil 0#. The contents of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the oils were also determined by gas chromatograph (GC). The result shows that co-pyrolysis is in favor of inhibiting the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced from tire. There exist a hydrogen transfer and a synthetic effect during co-pyrolysis of the biomass and tire. They improve the quality of the oil. SBA-15 as a catalyst is more significant than MCM-41 or HZSM-5 for reducing the density and viscosity of the oil and it can effectively decompose some large molecular compounds into small ones.     

城市污泥处理利用现状研究

城市污水处理厂污泥产量巨大且成分复杂,如何把污泥进行合理利用已经越来越受人们的关注。描述了目前城市污水处理厂污泥处理与综合利用的现状。并介绍了几种新兴的污泥处理工艺。为今后污泥的资源化利用提供参考。     

Analyses of disposal efficiency based on nuclear spent fuel cooling time and disposal tunnel/pit spacing for the design of a geological repository

The purpose of deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) including nuclear spent fuels is to isolate and to inhibit the release of radioactive material for a long time so that its toxicity does not affect the biosphere. The main requirement for the HLW repository design is to keep the buffer temperature below 100 °C in order to maintain the integrity of the engineered barrier system. The cooling time of the spent fuels discharged from nuclear power plants is the key consideration factor for the efficiency and economic feasibility of such a repository. We analyze the spacing of the disposal tunnels and pits, the disposal area and the uranium density for the deep geological repository layout to satisfy the thermal requirement of the disposal system. To do this, thermal stability analyses of a disposal system have been performed using varying spent fuel cooling times and spacing of the disposal tunnels and pits. The results show that the time to reach the maximum temperature within the design limit of the temperature in the disposal site is likely to be shortened as the cooling time of the spent fuel becomes shorter. Also it seems that controlling the disposal pit spacing is considered more advantageous than controlling the disposal tunnel spacing to meet the allowable thermal criteria in the repository from thermal and economical points of view. The results of these analyses can be used for a deep geological repository design and detailed analyses with exact site characteristics data will reduce the uncertainty of the results.     

西门子S7—400PLC在烟台套子湾污水处理厂的应用

本文介绍了西门子s7—400系列PLC在烟台套子湾污水厂的应用。概述了该项目的实施背景和工艺设施,着重描述了该控制系统的构成、功能、编程、调试和应用体会。该项目已于2010年5月投入使用,设备运行状况良好,获得了用户的好评。