注凝析油开采稠油的地质工艺

在西西伯利亚俄罗斯油田开展了注凝析油开发稠油的研究，现场实验结果表明，注入25%的凝析油，可使其混合液粘度达到原高粘油粘度的1/60，以俄罗斯油田为例，探讨了注凝析油矿场试验的可行性，预测了凝析油的用量和可能产出的油量，并对原油外输提出了一系列更换工艺设备的要求。     

Corrosion Condition Evaluation at Muddy Creek Bridge

Corrosion rates were measured at the exposed spots of rebars near three corners of Muddy Creek Bridge located in northern West Virginia using a 3LP device. Also, chloride contents of the concrete samples taken from the vicinity of the spots were analyzed using a wet chemical method that had been developed in this study. The average corrosion rate over the three spots was 4.66 mA/m2, which is in the range of corrosion damage possible in 10–15 years. The average chloride content of the concrete over the three spots was 703 parts per million (ppm), which is well above the threshold limit value of 260 ppm. Although the corrosion rate measurement method using a 3LP device is by manual operation, it is found to be reliable and effective, and, thus, recommended for future studies of this kind of research. The wet chemical method developed in this study is found to be effective.     

Structure and Ordination of Epiphytic Invertebrate Communities of Four Coastal Wetlands in Green Bay,Lake Michigan

Epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities of four coastal wetlands of Green Bay, Lake Michigan were compared by taxonomic composition, feeding group composition, and environmental influences using Bray-Curtis ordination. Ordination scores from the most sheltered oligotrophic site, Portage Marsh, were distinct from the eutrophic, exposed sites located in middle and lower Green Bay— Seagull Bar, Little Tail Point, and Dead Horse Bay. Epiphyton chlorophyll a, phytoplankton chlorophyll a, and specific conductance strongly correlated to the ordination axes, indicating the trophic gradient within Green Bay was a primary environmental influence. The feeding group compositions at the sites were consistent with the type and abundance of food available. Portage Marsh is a scraper-shredder system, with macroinvertebrates feeding mainly on epiphyton and coarse particulate detritus. Dead Horse Bay and Little Tail Point are collector systems, sustained by phytoplankton and fine particulate organic matter. Seagull Bar is intermediate in trophic position along the ordination axes, but more closely resemble the latter two sites. The type and abundance of food resources available to these invertebrate communities are influenced by wave exposure, light attenuation, nutrient levels, and algae levels of the littoral and pelagial waters. Macroinvertebrate communities were sensitive to shifts in food resources, which generated shifts in trophic structure.     

汾河二坝西干渠改建和接通至三坝总干渠工程可行性分析

本文阐述了汾河灌区二、三坝西干渠工程现状，分将了二坝西干渠改建和接通至三坝总干渠工程的必要性、技术可行性、经济可行性，建议该项目及早兴建。     

Water quality surveys: A statistical method based on determinism, quantiles and the binomial distribution

A statistical method for surveying water quality and analysing the results in terms of quantiles is described. The value of a water quality variable in a grab-sample is taken as a deterministic function of the temporal and spatial coordinates of the sampling point. Quantiles can then be defined for any specified region in time and space as unique, fixed values, and randomly located grab-samples may be used to estimate them for the purposes of describing or regulating water quality. Robust statistical inferences are possible using the binomial distribution. Properties of the quantiles, confidence limits, comparisons with fixed values or between regions, assessment of trends, simultaneous inferences and estimation of sample sizes are discussed. Two examples of water quality surveys, one of Port Phillip Bay, the other of the Maribyrnong River, Victoria, are used to illustrate the theory, paying particular attention to practical problems which arose. The proposed method is compared with others based on stochastic models, and is claimed to be simpler and more reliable.     

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豫西地区中、下二叠统太原组、山西组、上石盒子组及下石盒子组煤成气资源丰富，但成煤环境纵向发育与横向变化较大，规律难于把握。因此，开展煤成气源岩沉积环境研究有利于该区煤成气资源的勘探与开发及合理的利用。通过露头、钻井、地震资料及分析、测试资料的综合研究认为：本区中、下二叠统主要沉积了一套浅海碳酸盐岩，海湾-泻湖、潮坪、沼泽、障壁岛(砂质滩、坝)及三角洲相陆源碎屑岩和煤层。从总的沉积特征来看，下二叠统太原组、山西组基本上发育滨、浅海相碳酸盐岩、陆源碎屑岩和煤的混合沉积。上二叠统上、下石盒子组则以海陆交互相陆源碎屑沉积为主，三角洲及三角洲平原沼泽十分发育；沉积环境具有自下而上，自南东向北西方向由海相逐步过渡为陆相的基本特点。其煤成气源岩沉积环境以早二叠世山西期潮坪、泻湖过渡带之滨岸沼泽环境为最佳，其次为中二叠世下石盒子期三角洲平原沉积之平原沼泽环境。     

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通过对西气东输管道设计输量的研究 ,文章阐述了天然气管道输送量的选择与天然气市场需求预测、资源储备、气田开发方案之间的关系。从我国燃气需求增长曲线和国民经济总产值增长曲线的分析对比中 ,得出燃气增长规律与国民经济总产值增长规律相似的结论 ,并以此为依据 ,对西气东输管道天然气市场需求趋势进行了预测 ,提出了西气东输市场重点开发地区是上海、浙江、江苏等地区 ,用户消费结构重点放在城市燃气和发电等方面的观点。文章在天然气用户甄别方法中提出了用户项目成功率的概念 ,为进一步开展市场量化预测、理性选择天然气管道输量研究奠定了基础。根据对市场需求与气源供应之间的供需平衡分析 ,西气东输管道输量确定为 12 0× 10 8m3 /a较为合理。     

管线用高强韧性宽厚钢板的开发

本文回顾了舞钢高强韧性管线用宽厚钢板的研制开发过程，并结合生产工艺，对钢板性能作了全面分析，指导了钢管线钢的生产。舞钢X70级管线钢有较高的断裂韧性、良好的可焊性以及抗SSCC、HIC性能。舞钢正在进行技术改造，以进一步改善组织，提高性能、满足西气东输要求。     

渤海湾盆地复式油气聚集带高勘探程度区进一步挖潜的领域

渤海湾盆地复式油气聚集区经过了40年的勘探,目前已进入了高勘探程度区.油气聚集的复杂规律表明,渤海湾盆地仍具有巨大的资源潜力,进一步挖潜的领域非常广阔.以第三系为烃源岩的含油气层系的勘探精度仍有待于进一步提高,同时必须将以古生界、中生界和中上元古界为烃源岩的含油气层系作为今后挖潜的重要领域.渤海湾盆地任何层系都可能形成和聚集油气,因此仍有多种复杂的油气藏类型尚待进一步认识和发现.     

Temporal dynamics and drivers of lake ecosystem metabolism using high resolution observations in a shallow,tropical, eutrophic lake (Laguna Lake,Philippines)

The physical, chemical, and biological dynamics under changing atmospheric conditions of Laguna Lake, Philippines were analyzed from intensive observations. Diel measurements were conducted for 48 continuous hours for both dry and wet tropical seasons in addition to fine resolution long-term monitoring. Results revealed significant vertical and diel variations of lake variables in spite of a shallow water depth (2.5 m) caused by the intense surface heating from solar irradiance (~800 W m^?2) and accentuated by the lake's high turbidity (16–32 ftu). Late afternoon land-lake breeze (~5–7 m s^?1) regularly breaks daytime thermal stratification, and convective cooling at night maintains isothermal condition until dawn of the next day. The stratified condition demonstrated a wind-driven, density-induced 2-layer current pattern with a windward moving epilimnion (~4 folds faster) and a compensating hypolimnetic flow in the general lake circulation direction. Laguna Lake was observed to have a dominating diel cycle but also undergoes significant seasonal limnological variations brought primarily by climate, hydrology, and its interaction with the adjacent sea. Significantly correlated variations of pH, chlorophyll-a and DO in the dry season were indicative of the higher biological activity associated with the intrusion of polluted waters from Metro Manila. The non-occurrence of thermal over-turn was observed to be regularly followed by bottom hypoxic conditions (2–4 mg L^?1), indicative of the eutrophic condition of the lake and the importance of diel wind-induced mixing in the bottom supply of DO. Laguna Lake was found to be predominantly net heterotrophic (GPP:R < 1, NEP < 0).