论地震后高校心理援助工作的原则与方法

四川“5·12”汶川特大地震使周边高校学生蒙受了巨大的心理压力,因此,高校心理援助工作的开展对减少灾害对学生造成的心理创伤,重建学生心灵家园意义重大。本文分析了高校开展心理援助工作的必要性、紧迫性以及援助群体的独特性,提出了高校心理援助工作应该遵循的六大原则,并有针对性地提出了高校心理援助工作的相关方法,为高校下一步的工作开展提供了借鉴性思考。     

泸定6.8级地震公路抢通保通方案

2022年9月5日,四川泸定发生6.8级地震,公路沿线诱发了大量的地质灾害,造成多处公路损坏或断道,极大地影响了抗震救灾工作。快速摸清震区公路网的受损情况和抢通保通难度,对震后救援至关重要。为此,对震区公路受损情况进行调查,会同地方交通部门完成公路的抢通保通任务。调查发现了507处受损点,公路灾害以崩塌滑坡为主,占总灾害的90%以上。公路灾害具有数量多、规模小、连片分布的特点,公路震害与地震烈度正相关,与断层距离、河流距离负相关。在不利因子组合下,公路震害程度明显加剧,局部位置的公路受损率可达到92.5%。在抢通保通阶段,利用龙头石及大岗山电站的库区水运资源,快速建立5处码头,建立起通往震中的生命通道,让应急队伍快速进入灾区,让伤员第一时间运送出来;灾后交通网的重建充分利用水运资源,不追求道路等级与路线指标,公路重建以提高公路的抗灾能力及韧性为目标。     

地震载荷下拉杆直径对球罐的影响分析

在地震载荷条件下,使用ANSYS8.0软件分析了1000m3球罐的拉杆直径变化对球罐应力的影响。分析结果表明,球罐的最大应力点位于球罐与盖板连接处外壁面的上侧,拉杆直径的变化对球罐与盖板连接处的应力影响较大,对其他部位的应力影响相对较小,在选择球罐的拉杆直径时应充分考虑拉杆对球罐应力的影响。     

Numerical study on dynamic behavior of slope models including weak layers from deformation to failure using material point method

This paper describes numerical studies on the dynamic behavior of experimental slope models, including various inclined weak layers. These studies were conducted by simulation of shaking table tests using the material point method (MPM), which allows seamless treatment of various considerations, from elastic behavior to discontinuous collapse behavior of slopes, on the basis of an elasto-plastic constitutive law. The simulation results showed that the failure modes, progressive deformation and downward sliding of the numerical slope models, which were similar to that observed in the shaking table tests, can be obtained using the numerical method. In addition, sensitivity analyses of the numerical models used in this study were performed to determine the effects of mesh size, number of particles per cell (PPC) and damping constants on the simulation results. The results of these analyses indicated the use of fine meshes and high damping constants seems to produce sensible results and reduce numerical noises, respectively.     

Annual limit-state frequencies for partially-inspected earthquake-damaged buildings

A procedure is presented for estimating an “annual limit-state frequency”, that is, the mean annual frequency of exceeding a (e.g. seismic-drift) limit state, for a partially-inspected earthquake-damaged SMRF building with fractured beam-column connections. Typically, inspection of all the moment-resisting connections in a building for fractures is prohibitively expensive. Motivated by this reality, the proposed procedure (developed as part of the SAC Steel Project) accounts for the uncertainty, due to incomplete inspection, in the total number and locations of fractured connections. Since the procedure can also take into account the aftershock ground motion hazard, an annual limit-state frequency estimated for a damaged building can serve as a basis for deciding, for example, whether to permit occupancy soon after the main-shock. Conversely, the estimated annual limit-state frequency can be used to guide inspection decisions, such as whether to inspect more connections and thereby reduce the uncertainty in the state of damage.     

Life-cycle optimization in the establishment of performance-acceptance parameters for seismic design

A life-cycle formulation is presented for the determination of optimum values of the mechanical properties of a structural system exposed to seismic risk. The resulting values are intended for providing support for the establishment of performance-acceptance criteria and parameters for seismic design. A method is developed for the determination of expected damage functions in terms of simplified reference models of the complex nonlinear systems that are typical of engineering practice. The uncertainties associated with the use of the simplified model to estimate peak dynamic responses of the system of interest are accounted for by means of first-order second-moment probabilistic criteria. An illustrative application of the criteria proposed is presented, together with a discussion about the translation of the results of the optimization studies into engineering criteria and methods expressed in conventional design formats.     

基于智能手机和Web技术的建筑震害调查系统

当前建筑震害调查以手工作业为主,效率低下。为此,论文开发了一个基于智能手机与Web技术的建筑震害调查系统。该系统由服务器端、手机端和Web端构成：在服务器端,一个面向建筑的数据库被建立,使得建筑成为信息采集和管理基本单元; 在手机端,一个信息采集程序被开发,建立了多媒体数据与建筑的关联; 在Web端,数据被进行智能解析和存储,并在GIS云平台实现可视化。系统在2015年尼泊尔地震我国西藏地区的建筑震害调查中得到了成功应用。     

超限框支高层抗震墙建筑结构抗震设计

结合工程实例,对超限框支结构设计原则进行简要论述。通过对设计探索过程的剖析,我们试图阐明:对于较为复杂的结构体系,在缺乏较为明确或常规的规范依据情况下,需要回归到结构设计最基本的原理上。先期针对结构不同部位、不同受力状态,分别设定出在小震、中震、大震作用下不同的抗震设防目标,并根据目标期望,进行有目的的结构分析,并取得相对应的、可靠的内力值。这样,才更能够最真实的反应出结构状态,从而确保结构安全。     

Shake table testing of a full-scale seven-story steel-wood apartment building

In July 2009, a full-scale mid-rise light-frame wood apartment building was subjected to a series of earthquakes at the world’s largest shake table in Miki, Japan. The test program consisted of two major phases: the building tested in the first phase consisted of a single-story steel special moment frame (SMF) with six stories of wood on top, and the second phase consisted of locking down the steel story and testing the six-story light-frame wood building by itself. This paper focuses on the test results for the seven-story steel-wood building tested to earthquakes having return periods of 72 and 665 years. The objective of this phase of the test program was to investigate the performance of a mid-rise light-frame wood building with a first-story moment frame when subjected to a major earthquake, essentially providing a landmark data set to the seismic engineering research community. The building consisted of 225 square meters for retail space at the first story and 1350 square meters of multi-family residential living space with 23 apartment units above. The building was instrumented with just over 300 sensors and 50 LED optical tracking points to measure the component and global responses, respectively. In this paper the seven-story test specimen is described and the resulting seismic response and behavior is summarized. Detailed damage inspection was performed following each of these tests, and representative images are presented and discussed. The building was found to perform excellently, with very little damage following an event that was slightly larger (×1.16) than the design-level event for the city of Los Angeles, California. The peak global drift at roof level was 166 mm, and the peak inter-story drifts were approximately 1.3%.     

Estimating optimum parameters of tuned mass dampers using harmony search

In this paper, the optimum parameters of tuned mass dampers (TMD) are proposed under seismic excitations. Harmony search (HS), a metaheurestic optimization method, which has been successfully applied for several engineering problems, is revised for tuning passive mass dampers. A Matlab program is developed for numerical optimization and time domain simulation. Optimization criteria are the peak values of first storey displacement and acceleration transfer function. In order to find best results, all properties of TMD are searched. For a fast and general optimization, a harmonic loading is utilized for numerical iterations. Also, final TMD parameters are checked under earthquake excitations. This new approach is compared with several other documented methods. Comparisons show that the new approach is more effective than other documented methods and more feasible due to smaller TMD parameters.