基于IEC60076-15的SF6气体绝缘变压器的特殊性

对IEC60076-15《充气式电力变压器》中关于气体绝缘变压器的特殊要求进行了解读,同时对标准中没有提到的SF6气体绝缘变压器的相关问题进行了说明。     

An investigation of statistical software testing

Software validation embodies two notions: fault removal and fault forecasting. Statistical testing involves exercising a piece of software by supplying it with input values that are randomly selected according to a defined probability distribution on its input domain. It can be used as a practical tool for revealing faults in a fault removal phase, and for assessing software dependability in a fault forecasting phase. In both of these, its efficiency is linked to the adequacy of the input probability distribution with respect to the test experiment goal. In this paper a mixed validation strategy combining deterministic and random test data is defined, and the theoretical and experimental work performed to support the strategy is reported. The quoted results relate to the unit testing of four real programs from the nuclear field. They confirm the high fault revealing power of statistical structural testing. Two main directions for further investigation of statistical testing are indicated by the reported work. These are described and solutions to the associated problems are outlined.     

地方高校化工原理实验教学改革初探

结合《化工原理实验》课程的特点,本文介绍了对《化工原理实验》进行的教学改革,即通过强调实验类型分类、对设计型实验进行项目化教学、增加计算机在实验数据处理中的应用和探索成绩评定方式,激励学生的学习积极性和主动性,培养学生的工程概念和工程意识,促进学生实践能力和创新能力的发展。     

Rapid and reliable tuning of dynamic distillation column models on experimental data

A systematic procedure is presented to assist the calibration of tray distillation column models over plant data. Practical suggestions are provided that contribute to reduce the time needed to check the closure of the experimental material and energy balances. Typical modeling inaccuracies that may have a strong impact in the model performance are highlighted. A set of "cold" and "hot" test runs is suggested to minimize the time that is needed to reliably tune the model in view of using it for control system design and testing. The procedure is discussed with reference to the experimental results obtained in a pilot-plant column.     

Hydrogen production by reforming of liquid hydrocarbons in a membrane reactor for portable power generation—Experimental studies

One of the most promising technologies for lightweight, compact, portable power generation is proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. PEM fuel cells, however, require a source of pure hydrogen. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons in an integrated membrane reactor has potential to provide pure hydrogen in a compact system. Continuous separation of product hydrogen from the reforming gas mixture is expected to increase the yield of hydrogen significantly as predicted by model simulations. In the laboratory-scale experimental studies reported here steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, butane, methanol and Clearlite^® was conducted to produce pure hydrogen in a single step membrane reformer using commercially available Pd–Ag foil membranes and reforming/WGS catalysts. All of the experimental results demonstrated increase in hydrocarbon conversion due to hydrogen separation when compared with the hydrocarbon conversion without any hydrogen separation. Increase in hydrogen recovery was also shown to result in corresponding increase in hydrocarbon conversion in these studies demonstrating the basic concept. The experiments also provided insight into the effect of individual variables such as pressure, temperature, gas space velocity, and steam to carbon ratio. Steam reforming of butane was found to be limited by reaction kinetics for the experimental conditions used: catalysts used, average gas space velocity, and the reactor characteristics of surface area to volume ratio. Steam reforming of methanol in the presence of only WGS catalyst on the other hand indicated that the membrane reactor performance was limited by membrane permeation, especially at lower temperatures and lower feed pressures due to slower reconstitution of CO and H₂ into methane thus maintaining high hydrogen partial pressures in the reacting gas mixture. The limited amount of data collected with steam reforming of Clearlite^® indicated very good match between theoretical predictions and experimental results indicating that the underlying assumption of the simple model of conversion of hydrocarbons to CO and H₂ followed by equilibrium reconstitution to methane appears to be reasonable one.     

Experimental study of the effects of vent geometry on the dispersion of a buoyant gas in a small enclosure

We present an experimental study on the dispersion of helium in an enclosure of 1 m³ with natural ventilation through one vent. Three vent geometries have been studied. Injection parameters have been varied so that the injection Richardson number ranges from 2·10⁻⁶ to 9 and the volume Richardson number, which gives the ability of the release to mix the enclosure content ranges from 8·10⁻⁴ to 900. It has been found that the vertical distribution of helium volume fraction can exhibit significant gradient. Nevertheless, the results are compared to the simple analytical model based on the homogenous mixture hypothesis which gives fairly good estimates of the maximum helium volume fraction.     

疏松砂岩气藏出砂机理研究

柴达木盆地东部的涩北气田为第四系浅层生物气田,其储层岩石成岩性差,疏松易散,开采时易出砂,影响生产。通过系列室内岩心实验,分析了涩北气田储层岩石的颗粒和孔隙结构特征、岩石力学性质,采用物理模拟方法研究了涩北气田的出砂机理及其影响因素,结果表明,岩石强度是决定储层是否出砂的决定性因素,岩石破坏时将大量出砂,而气田在控制压差生产条件下岩石未产生破坏时的出砂形式主要为微粒运移,孔隙越大,越容易产生微粒运移出砂。     

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis of V–I characteristics and a fast prediction model for PEM-based electrolytic air dehumidification

PEM-based electrolytic air dehumidification is innovative due to its high efficiency, compact size and cleanness. However, high polarization loss and severe performance degradation have been observed, especially at high applied voltages (>2.5 V). Understanding the V–I characteristics is critical to performance optimization. This study experimentally investigated the V–I characteristics and internal response of materials under various operating conditions, with in-situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) methods. Real-time mass transfer, electrochemical polarization and reaction dynamics of PEM components during dehumidification were derived by EIS. Then, a fast prediction model was built to directly predict the dehumidification rate and attenuation without any iteration, suitable for online monitoring and adjustment. Compared to other models, this model can take a quick understanding of the impact of operating conditions on the material characteristics inside the PEM element. The deviations of current density, PEM proton conductivity and moisture removal were 3%, 11.2% and 15.3%, respectively, compared to experiment data. Results showed that when the applied voltage changed from 1.5 to 3.5 V, the high-frequency resistance of the PEM element increased from 1.69 to 2.69 Ω, and the PEM proton conductivity decreased by about 38 times. The sharp drop in PEM proton conductivity resulted in a current attenuation. With this model, requirements for key components of PEM dehumidification were also obtained. Analysis of the overpotential distribution showed that increasing the water retention and reducing the dependence of proton conductivity on water molecules of the PEM can effectively improve the performance. This research provides guidance for the performance optimization and material selection of PEM-based dehumidification.     

试验设计技术在确定汽车收音机最大产热的设置条件中的应用

阐述了如何确定汽车收音机在什么设置条件下产生的热量最大的方法。主要采用L8DoE(Design of Exper Jments)方法，确定设置条件后选择合适的DoE因素，可预测汽车音响出现产热的最坏情况的设置条件以及在此设置条件下的热量值。该方法同样可应用于其它多媒体组件的热量特性试验。     

Experimental investigation of an industrial scale black liquor gasifier. 1. The effect of reactor operation parameters on product gas composition

A novel technology to mitigate the climate changes and improve energy security is Pressurized Entrained flow High Temperature Black Liquor Gasification (PEHT-BLG) in combination with an efficient fuel synthesis using the resulting syngas. In order to optimise the technology for use in a pulp and paper mill based biorefinery, it is of great importance to understand how the operational parameters of the gasifier affect the product gas composition. The present paper is based on experiments where gas samples were withdrawn from the hot part of a 3 MW entrained flow pressurized black liquor gasifier of semi industrial scale using a high temperature gas sampling system. Specifically, the influence of process conditions on product gas composition (CO₂, CO, H₂, CH₄, H₂S, and COS) were examined by systematically varying the operational parameters: system pressure, oxygen to black liquor equivalence ratio, black liquor flow rate to pressure ratio and black liquor pre-heat temperature. Due to the harsh environment inside the gasification reactor, gas sampling is a challenging task. However, for the purpose of the current study, a specially designed high temperature gas sampling system was successfully developed and used. The results, obtained from two separate experimental campaigns, show that all of the investigated operational parameters have a significant influence on the product gas composition and present valuable information about to the process characteristics.