Effect of packing density on flame propagation of nickel-coated aluminum particles

The combustion-wave propagation of nickel-coated aluminum particles is studied theoretically for packing densities in the range of 10–100% of the theoretical maximum density. Emphasis is placed on the effect of packing density on the burning properties. The energy conservation equation is solved numerically and the burning rate is determined by tracking the position of the flame front. Atomic diffusion coefficients and reaction rate of isolated nickel-coated aluminum particles are input parameters to the model. The burning behaviors and combustion wave structures are dictated by the heat transfer from the flame zone to the unburned region. Five different models for the effective thermal conductivity of the mixture are employed. The impact of radiation heat transfer is also assessed. As a specific example, the case with a particle size of 79 μm is considered in detail. The burning rate remains nearly constant (<1 cm/s) up to a packing density of 60%, and then increases sharply toward the maximum value of 11.55 cm/s at a density of 100%. The Maxwell–Eucken–Bruggeman model of thermal conductivity offers the most accurate predictions of the burning rate for all loading densities.     

Barrier effect of flame retardant systems in poly(methyl methacrylate): Study of the efficiency of the surface treatment by octylsilane of silica nanoparticles in combination with phosphorous fire retardant additives

In this work, flame retardant systems comprising ammonium polyphosphate (AP423) and hydrophilic (A200) or hydrophobic (R805) nanometric silica were incorporated into PMMA. The following techniques were performed to detail the fire behaviour of the composites: mass loss cone calorimetry, pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry, pyrolysis‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and microscopic observations. The best fire behaviour was obtained with the surface‐treated silica in the presence of AP423. The formation of a new crystalline phase from the interactions between AP423 and R805 silica and a strong barrier effect due to a layered residue were the main modes of action of this system. Moreover, we have shown that the difference between the AP423 + R805 and AP423 + A200 systems was due to poor dispersion of the silica into the PMMA matrix in the latter formulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of hydrogen concentration on the emission and heat transfer of a premixed LPG-hydrogen flame

This paper describes an experimental study of the effect of hydrogen concentration on the emission and heat transfer characteristics of a laminar premixed LPG-hydrogen flame. The mole fraction of hydrogen in the fuel mixture was varied from 0% to 50%. The equivalence ratio of the fuel/air mixture was kept at stoichiometry and the mixture jet Reynolds number was fixed at Re = 1500 for most of the tests. The results show that upon varying hydrogen content in the fuel mixture, there is a corresponding change in the appearance, pollutant emissions and heat transfer characteristics of the flame.     

The synergistic performance of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and sepiolite nanoclays as flame retardants for unsaturated polyester

The synergistic effect on the thermal decomposition and heat release rate (HRR) in particular the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of unsaturated polyester (UP) resin blended with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and sepiolite nanoclay was investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetery (PCFC) and the cone calorimetery. Initial microcalorimeter findings established a synergistic effect for ternary system comprising a 10:0.5 wt% mixture of sepiolite:MWNT, respectively, which resulted in a 40% reduction in heat release capacity (HRC). This result was also confirmed within the well‐established cone calorimeter by a 50% reduction in PHRR in contrast to unfilled UP. The mechanism behind this reduction is thought to be due to the bridging of the MWNTs between the sepiolite clay needles, creating a tight protective surface layer that reduces the MLR. TGA also confirmed the advantage of such a ternary system through a 36^°C shift in the onset decomposition temperature and an 11% increase in residual char. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flame‐retardancy properties of tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate based charring agents on polypropylene

Tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate based charring agent (TBCA) was synthesized by melt polycondensation with tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) and terephthalic acid as raw materials. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, ¹H‐NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TBCA was blended with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) for polypropylene (PP). The charring properties of TBCA was tested by flame retardancy in the PP/APP/TBCA (PP/IFR₂) composite and compared with that of the PP/APP/THEIC (PP/IFR₁) composite. The results show that PP/IFR₂ had lower flame‐retardant properties but better water resistance than that of the PP/IFR₁ composite because PP/IFR₂ could still obtain a V‐0 rating after it had been soaked in water at 70°C for 96 h, whereas PP/IFR₁ could not achieve any rating after 36 h. Their combustion performance was further evaluated by a cone calorimeter test, their thermal degradation processes were studied by TGA, and the morphology of the char residue was observed by scanning electron microscopy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41810.     

复配阻燃剂对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料阻燃性能的影响

研究了甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)、尿素(UC)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)单独添加及复配使用对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(RPUF)阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,UC与DMMP及TEP复配是气相和凝聚相双相协同阻燃机理的复合阻燃剂;UC与DMMP,UC与TEP复配阻燃RPUF,可达到垂直燃烧分级V0级;UC／DMMP复配使用,UC和DMMP含量分别为15%和25%时,其阻燃RPUF的氧指数最高,为27.3%,阻燃性能优于UC／TEP复配阻燃RPUF;复配阻燃RPUF的压缩强度比单独填充UC体系高,呈现协同作用。     

少量增容剂对膨胀阻燃PP/POE共混复合体系性能的影响

为提高聚丙烯(PP)材料的热性能和力学性能,选用膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)对PP/乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE)共混体系进行阻燃改性,应用双螺杆共混挤出的方法制备了PP/POE/IFR共混复合体系,对共混复合体系的阻燃性能、力学性能、膨胀炭层以及微观相结构进行了研究。结果表明,少量增容剂马来酸酐接枝POE(POE-g-MAH)的加入使得IFR颗粒的分散更加均匀、分散粒径减小,同时颗粒与聚合物基体间的结合更加紧密,从而对共混复合体系的力学和阻燃性能都有明显的提高,特别是提高冲击强度。当PP/POE/IFR/POE-g-MAH配比为80/17/20/3时,共混复合体系的平均热释放速率、热释放速率峰值、比消光面积平均值、总烟释放量较未添加增容剂的共混复合体系(PP/POE/IFR配比为80/20/20)分别下降了22.4%,14.9%,29.2%,21.8%,冲击强度提高了69.6%。     

酚醛泡沫的燃烧行为及阻燃研究进展

酚醛泡沫因兼具优异的保温性能和阻燃性能在工程领域得到广泛应用,但其经高温燃烧后质量残留率很低,炭层疏松、强度低,离开火焰后还易出现阴燃现象。目前有关酚醛泡沫燃烧行为的研究大多集中在如何进一步提高酚醛泡沫塑料的阻燃等级或在改善其脆性的同时不降低固有的阻燃性能,还未见关于酚醛泡沫燃烧全过程行为的综述报道。文章介绍了酚醛泡沫在明火燃烧和阴燃状态的燃烧行为,分析了影响酚醛泡沫燃烧行为的因素,并总结了现有酚醛泡沫阻燃研究的进展。目前酚醛泡沫的燃烧行为及阻燃研究主要集中在泡沫的明火燃烧,对酚醛泡沫阴燃问题的研究重视不足,缺乏针对酚醛泡沫燃烧全过程的行为和机理探究。因此,提出应加大对酚醛泡沫阴燃行为的研究投入,注重对酚醛泡沫燃烧全过程的机理探索与阻燃方案研究,设计并研发出解决酚醛泡沫燃烧全过程问题的有效途径。     

海泡石的结构及在阻燃聚合物材料中的应用研究进展

简要介绍了海泡石的基本结构,系统介绍了海泡石在常见聚合物复合材料阻燃领域的应用,着重讨论了海泡石的改性及与其他阻燃剂协同作用在聚合物中的阻燃效果,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

聚苯乙烯/氧化石墨烯复合建材的制备与保温性能研究

通过聚苯乙烯(PS)与氧化石墨烯(GO)共混,制备聚苯乙烯/氧化石墨烯(PS/GO)保温建筑材料,并对PS/GO阻燃性能以及保温性能进行研究。结果表明:GO含量为6%时,4号样品的综合性能最好。4号样品的LOI值为33.4%,阻燃等级达到V-1,热释放速率峰值(pHRR)为525.76 kW/m²,总产烟量(TSP)为629.37 m²。此外,4号样品具有较低的导热系数0.034 2 W/(m·K),并且吸水率以及水蒸气透过系数均满足标准值,说明其可以有效应用于建筑保温材料。