ABS无卤阻燃复合材料的制备与性能研究

以高聚合度聚磷酸铵(APP)为酸源,聚酰胺6(PA6)和改性PA6(MPA6)为炭源,4A分子筛为协效剂,对ABS进行无卤阻燃研究,考察了各试样的氧指数、热失重行为和炭层形貌,同时选用MPA6和乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三嵌段共聚物(E-MA-GMA)弹性体对阻燃材料进行增韧改性。结果表明:APP/成炭剂PA6及其协效剂4A分子筛组成的无卤阻燃体系能显著改善了ABS树脂的阻燃性能,氧指数达到32%,UL94测试达到V-0级。在此基础上,采用MPA6和E-MA-GMA弹性体改性ABS,复合材料仍然保持较高的阻燃性能,拉伸强度略有下降,缺口冲击强度从3.11 kJ/m2提高到4 kJ/m2。     

Flame structures and combustion efficiency computed for a Mach 6 scramjet engine

Our hydrogen-fueled scramjet engines with a length of 2.1 m delivered net thrusts exceeding the engine drags and exhibited fuel specific impulses of about 10 km/s under Mach 4 to 8 flight conditions. A three-dimensional, reactive CFD code using unstructured hybrid grids was developed to accelerate the engine studies. Combustion in the scramjet engine under the Mach 6 condition was simulated by using this code. In this paper, the engine testing and the CFD code were outlined first. Timewise progress of hydroxyl radicals was investigated to understand autoignition and upstream-wise developments of combustion in the engine. Autoignition occurred from the cowl section at 0.1 ms after fuel mixing was completed. The reaction zones propagated upstream at speeds of about 500 m/s and reached the backward-facing steps in the combustor at 1 ms after the autoignition. Steady-state solutions showed small flames around individual fuel jets in the combustor and a large-scale diffusion flame downstream in the engine. Sonic combustion was autonomously realized in the combustor, resulting in delivery of a maximum thrust of 2250 N in the stoichiometric condition. Variations of combustion efficiency indicated that combustion performance was determined in a narrow region with a length of 0.15 m in the combustor and that the combustion downstream of the engine was rate-controlled by a large diffusion flame. The results found by the CFD computations enable us to not only improve engine performances but also to optimize computations for scramjet engines.     

The ignition,combustion and flame structure of carbon monoxide/hydrogen mixtures. Note 1: Detailed kinetic modeling of syngas combustion also in presence of nitrogen compounds

The kinetic characterization of the _H2/CO${\mathrm{H}}_2/\mathrm{CO}$ system is of interest right now due mainly to its role in sustainable combustion processes. The aim of this paper is to revise and validate a detailed kinetic model of hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture combustion with particular focus not only on _NOx${\mathrm{NO}}_x$ formation but also on interactions with nitrogen species. Model predictions and experimental measurements are discussed and compared across a wide range of operating conditions. This study moves from the detailed analysis of species profiles in syngas oxidation in flow reactor and laminar premixed flames to global combustion properties (ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds) by referring to a large set of literature data. According to recent literature, the validation of the kinetic scheme confirmed there was a need to slightly modify the kinetic parameters of two relevant _CO2${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ formation reactions (CO+OH=_CO2+H$\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{OH}={\mathrm{CO}}_2+\mathrm{H}$ and CO+O+M=_CO2+M$\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{M}={\mathrm{CO}}_2+\mathrm{M}$) and of reaction HONO+OH=_NO2+_H2O$\mathrm{HONO}+\mathrm{OH}={\mathrm{NO}}_2+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$.     

火焰CVD法制备含碳纳米TiO2的研究

本文报道了工业丙烷/空气火焰气相沉积法制备含碳纳米TiO2颗粒材料的实验与分析结果。讨论了O2／C3H8摩尔比在2—9范围内对火焰温度和火焰长度的影响，火焰温度对含碳纳米TiO2晶型的影响，O2／C3H8摩尔比和火焰中TiO2颗粒浓度对含碳纳米TiO2碳含量的影响，关联了含碳纳米TiO2的平均尺寸与颗粒长大准数的关系。     

PE／Ca（OH）2／Mg（OH）2复合材料的阻燃性能初探

采用氧指数测试、水平燃烧性能测试、扫描电镜分析及热重分析等方法研究了不同配比 Ca(OH)_2/Mg(OH)_2的加入对聚乙烯(PE)复合材料[PE 用量为65%(质量分数,下同),Mg(OH)_2和 Ca(OH)_2总用量为35%]的氧指数、水平燃烧级别和燃烧后炭层表面形貌等燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,PE 复合材料氧指数达到24.5%,且其最快分解温度(T_(max))比纯 PE 滞后9.2℃,并促进致密炭层的形成。Ca(OH)_2与 Mg(OH)_2并用对 PE 阻燃性能有一定的协同增效作用,有望实现用廉价的 Ca(OH)_2对 Mg(OH)_2的替代。     

用光纤燃烧传感器测量汽油机的燃烧时间参数

介绍了一个光纤燃烧传感器＋（ＯＭＡ４光多通道分析仪组成的测量系统，用以测量汽油机燃烧火争光谱。光谱分析结果再次证实了燃烧火焰中ＣＨ（４３１．５ｎｍ），Ｃ２（５１６．ｎｍ），Ｈ２Ｏ３（５８９ｎｍ）等自由基的特征光谱同Ｃ粒子的热宫续光谱叠加在一起，构成了火焰光谱。根据光谱曲线中Ｈ２Ｏ光强峰值变化可以确定汽油机燃烧过程中重要的时间参数。着火延迟期和燃烧持续期。由于汽油机燃烧循环环变动大，与单色仪＋ＢＯＸ     

阻燃剂的应用及发展

本文简述了阻燃剂的种类及作用机理，阻燃剂在国内外的应用及发展方向。     

Expandable graphite: A fire retardant additive for polyurethane coatings

The study investigates the mechanism of fire retardancy induced by expandable graphite in a polyurethane coating. A complementary investigation to the spectroscopic study performed previously confirms that little interaction occurs between the matrix and the additive. X‐ray diffraction study demonstrates that the crystalline structure of the graphite is maintained during the intumescent process. The presence of free radicals in the protective shield is then demonstrated but at low concentration compared with classical intumescent systems, such as for example polyurethane/ammonium polyphosphate. Finally, the physical properties of the char are then investigated. Blowing measurement demonstrates the high degree of expansion of the layer which may partially explain the fire retardant performance of expandable graphite in polyurethane. Surface analyses by optical microscopy and optical profilometry also enable a better understanding of the efficiency of expandable graphite. In the absence of a fire retardant additive the coating displays cracks and holes, providing a pathway for oxygen diffusion as well as heat and mass transfer between the flame and the virgin polymer. Both phenomena are limited when expandable graphite is added to polyurethane. Consequently, fire retardancy of expandable graphite results more from a physical than from a chemical action. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

34Mn2V钢的热加工缺陷

34Mn2V钢坯经火焰切割下料，再经热冲压制成氧气瓶，因氧气瓶底凹面出现热撕裂而造成大量废品。通过试验跟踪和解剖分析，研究了下料坯端面裂纹和半成品瓶底部相应缺陷的本质。结果表明，切割下料时在切割面热影响层发生部分奥氏体化；当切割热消失后，奥氏体化的金属即受到周围冷金属的冷却作用形成马氏体组织。因此，瓶底的局部热撕裂是由下料坯切割时产生的温度梯度和相变引起的。采用预热切割、切割后缓冷和下料坯温度降至环境温度前立即入炉退火都能避免热影响层的开裂。     

ABS做家电外壳专用料的研制

研究了各种阻燃剂的不同用量对制品氧指数及机械性能的影响及抗静电剂，冲击改性剂的用量范围，确定了家电外壳专用料的优化配方。