德国历史文化景观要素体系构建对中国 的启示 ——以德国萨克森州为例

历史文化景观是一种强调人地关系演变过程中历史层积的景观类型,是对现有文化景观构成体系的重要补充与完善。在德国,历史文化景观研究是文化遗产保护的关键切入点,同时也是空间规划的重要基础,德国各联邦州在该领域都具有丰富的实践经验。以德国萨克森州为例,系统介绍了该州历史文化景观要素体系的构建,包括景观要素的分析与提取、以要素体系为基础的历史文化景观区保护规划等,旨在为中国历史保护事业提供一定的经验借鉴和参考。     

粗苯加氢反应段的改进

叙述了美国Lyondell粗苯加氢工艺和德国UHDE工艺的主要区别,特别是针对溶剂、产品质量等进行比较,结合生产中遇到的问题提出改进办法。     

德国进口苯酐催化剂装填技巧及检测问题研究

通过对德国进口催化剂某类催化剂-H4型四段床催化剂在苯酐装置上的工业应用,进一步研究了催化剂的装填要点、装填质量测试方法等系列问题做了探讨,旨在从实际应用的现场经验数据对苯酐催化剂的国内装置应用提出操作建议。     

各国不同的职业观下的高等职业教育

德国的职业教育观是神圣而严谨的,美国和加拿大的职业教育观是崇尚工作与人才能的匹配,即人性化的个人主义,而中国的职业教育观主要是以就业为导向的,这是与各国不同的社会文化分不开的。通过各国的职业院校与政府和企业的关系,我们可以对他们的职业教育有着更深层的了解,中国只有根据自己的文化和国情,借鉴优秀的职业教育经验,才能找到一条自我发展之路。     

从严惩到扶持——二战后初期美国对德政策的转变

第二次世界大战改变了欧洲的政治面貌,传统的欧洲强国遭到削弱,德国被四大国分区占领。由于德国战略地位极其重要,并具有十分重要的军事和经济潜力,美国逐渐将对德国的严惩政策转变为扶持,这一政策转变的原因是美国国家利益的需要,而非对德国人民的同情。     

德国工程技术伦理的建制

The institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics is to efficiently implement and apply the concept and research achievements of engineering and technology ethics into engineering activities by establishing effective institutions and organizations. German engineering and technology ethics has gained valuable experience in this respect. About the theoretical demonstrations on ethical institutionalization, there're mainly: Gehlen’s anthropological demonstration on the objective of institutionalization, and Ropohl's demonstration from the view of society-technology system theory while Hubig's from the viewpoint of axiology. And in Germany, the practical applications of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics chiefly include the establishment of various institutionalized organizations at the levels from federation, state to the public, and the promulgation and implementation of ethical guidelines for Association of German Engineers. Reviewing the experiences and characteristics of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics in Germany would not only be helpful to the enrichment of our theories of engineering and technology ethics, but also be of significant reference value for the the application of engineering and technology ethics in practice.     

Driving forces and barriers in the development and implementation of coal-to-liquids (CtL) technologies in Germany

Because of a growing global energy demand and rising oil prices coal-abundant nations, such as China and the United States, are pursuing the application of technologies which could replace crude oil imports by converting coal to synthetic hydrocarbon fuels—so-called coal-to-liquids (CtL) technologies. The case of CtL is well suited to analyse techno-economic, resources-related, policy-driven and actor-related parameters, which are affecting the market prospects of a technology that eases energy security constraints but is hardly compatible with a progressive climate policy. This paper concentrates on Germany as an example—the European Union (EU)'s largest member state with considerable coal reserves. It shows that in Germany and the EU, CtL is facing rather unfavourable market conditions as high costs and ambitious climate targets offset its energy security advantage.     

德国老旧电梯法规标准体系初探

本文基于ELA出版的SNEL White Paper,界定了老旧电梯内涵,在对德国涉及电梯的法律法规、技术规范、标准分析的基础上,梳理出德国老旧电梯（在用电梯范畴）法律法规（BetrSichV）、技术规范（TRBS 1121和TRBS 1201-4）、标准（DIN EN 81-80和DIN EN ISO 14798）组成的老旧电梯法规标准体系,并对德国如何确保老旧电梯法规标准体系执行进行了分析。     

Influence of heterogeneous landscapes on computed green-up dates based on daily AVHRR NDVI observations

The main objective of the current paper is to evaluate and explain differences between computed green-up dates of vegetated land surface derived from satellite observations and budburst dates from ground observational networks. Landscapes dominated by deciduous broad-leaved trees in Germany are analysed. While ground observations generally record the onset of bud break, remote sensing refers to a detectable change of surface reflectance, which accounts for the unfolding of the majority of the leaves. The satellite detects, even in a homogeneous stand, two signals: the green-up of the understorey and, shortly after, the green-up of the canopy (overstorey). Results of comparisons indicate an earlier, although not consistently, satellite-derived green-up than bud break derived from ground observations.We hypothesise that this is due to heterogeneous ground cover and a detection of the greening of non-tree vegetation by the satellite. This hypothesis is tested by analysing the difference between satellite-derived green-up dates (d_GU) and budburst observed on the ground (d_BB) in function of the proportion of non-deciduous-forest (ndf) land use types in satellite scenes. The satellite data (a daily 1-km resolution AVHRR product) are analysed with progressively more restricted selection criteria regarding the land surface elements. The two sets of observations are compared using Gaussian Mixture Models to evaluate the statistical properties of the probability density functions (pdf) as produced by the two sets rather than comparisons of geographically coincident data. It is shown that a heterogeneous vegetation cover is likely to be the main factor determining the difference between the computed green-up date and date of budburst of the dominating tree species.     

Pinpointing the Mark: On the Cold War SIGINT Capability

Abstract

This article discusses a 1961 East German Stasi operation, which culminated in detecting a West German agent. It emphasizes the capabilities of Cold War signals intelligence in counterintelligence work. The material also briefs the measures related to operational security of the assets.