德国食品安全保障和食品风险防范措施

概述了德国食品质量安全保障和食品风险防范措施,包括食品安全保障的目标和原则;健全的保障政策和体系;严格的防范制度和措施;有效监督的群众性、科学性和透明性。     

德国网络食品贸易的行政监管制度及其启示

德国网络食品交易的行政监管制度是德国联邦消费者保护与食品安全局协调建立的,主要由《食品和日用品管理法》及其他相关法律法规、德国网络食品贸易监控中心和"D21倡议"所推行的质量认证体系3个部分组成。通过相关法律法规的制订、统一监管平台的建立以及权威社会机构的质量认证,确保了德国网络食品贸易的食品安全与消费者权益。借鉴德国经验,中国可以通过确立食品安全行政管理部门统一组织和协调的法定职能、构建网络食品贸易的统一监管平台,以及将HACCP认证标准作为网络食品安全质量认证的核心标准等维度,对中国网络食品贸易行政监管制度进行完善性构建。     

City as Wilderness: The Wilderness Metaphor from Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl to Contemporary Urban Designers

In this text we take a closer look at the development of the wilderness metaphor of the Zwischenstadt, that is, fragmented urban landscapes in Germany. We trace the metaphor's meanings back to its origins in the conservative cultural criticism of Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl of the mid-nineteenth century and analyse the different meanings of ‘wilderness’ in today's urban and landscape planners’ positions. Our aim is to demonstrate that the meanings of the concept of wilderness, as well as those of city and cultural landscape, differ depending on the context in which they appear. We point out that different values can be attached to each individual meaning. These evaluations depend on cultural and political patterns and on one's own world view. We apply the insights thus gained to identify three different types of design strategy for the Zwischenstadt used by urban and landscape designers.     

对德国住宅区规划设计中诸要素的探讨

通过对德国后住区在20世纪,特别是二战以后的发展的总结介绍,该又提出了影响当前住宅区规划设计的几点要素并着重分析,其重要性、作用及其对城市发展和环境的影响。     

Price formation and market power in the German wholesale electricity market in 2006

From 2002 to 2006, German wholesale electricity prices more than doubled. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the price components in 2006 in order to identify the factors responsible for the increase. We develop a competitive benchmark model, taking into account power plant characteristics, fuel and CO₂-allowance prices, wind generation, cross-border flows, unit commitment, and startup conditions, to estimate the difference between generation costs and observed market prices for every hour in 2006. We find that prices at the German wholesale market (European Energy Exchange—EEX) are above competitive levels for a large fraction of the observations. We verify the robustness of the results by carrying out sensitivity analyses. We also address the issue of revenue adequacy.     

Construction research for the 21st century

Andrew Lemer discusses in his Rinker International conference paper, the role of research leading to the 21st century and analyses the various aspects of the construction industry in the United States comparing them with the higher profile of research in Germany, and particularly, Japan.     

Geothermal resources in the shallow, unsaturated zone of the Wiesbaden spa district, Germany

The geothermal energy potential of the Wiesbaden spa district continues to be largely untapped. Although the thermal water is being utilized, any other activity liable to disturb the hydraulic regime of the thermal springs is prohibited. The geothermal potential of the unsaturated zone in the spa district has been mapped, although the zone must be regarded as a thermal insulator rather than a good conductor. The results of the mapping revealed the presence of a number of heat anomalies that could be exploited in the future; further economic benefits could be gained from installing the heat transfer units during road works. The modelling studies considered two possible scenarios: direct heating and heat pump usage. The results indicate that heat pumps are the more efficient option, yielding a thermal capacity of approximately 100 W/m².     

不断改革和开放的德国电信

德国经过多次改革，逐步实现政企分设，邮电分营及电信市场的放开，并对独立经营电信业务的德国电信股份公司所提供的垄断业务，强制性业务及可选择的业务作出了规定和定义。本文较为详细地介绍了德国从１９８９年对邮电进行了“第一次改革”以来的改革进程，指出德国电信的法律正越来越受到欧共体有关的许多法律的影响，立法企图限制德国联邦邮电企业的垄断权，力求确保各企业在市场上的公平竞争。     

我们需要什么样的设计——由德国设计史得到的启示

中国的现代设计在摸索中前行。德国是设计强国,是现代设计的发起国之一,我们可以由德国设计的历史得到一些启示,促进我国设计的发展。