Contractors take command: from a demand-based towards a producer oriented model in German construction

The construction process in Germany is traditionally dominated by the client and its agent - the architect. This results in severe problems for the construction companies which do not enter into the process until all the important decisions have been made. In particular, the rate of utilization of their facilities is more or less fully dependent on other actors rather than themselves. Recently, the larger construction companies with nationwide and international activities have initiated changes to take over the construction process and assume the leading position within the project coalition. This has been achieved by integrating parts of the construction project that have been under the command of other actors. At the beginning of the process, this concerns part of the work traditionally performed by the architect on behalf of the client, at the other end it concerns the function of the client itself. So it is the producer who - inside a deep crisis which affects the whole of the industry over the last few years - takes command inside the construction process. This will result in restructuring the entire industry and will cause severe problems for other actors, in particular the small and medium construction companies degraded to subcontractors only. En Allemagne, le secteur de la construction a toujours ete domine par le client et son agent, l'architecte. Cette situation est a l'origine de serieux problemes pour les entreprises de construction qui n'entrent en jeu que lorsque toutes les decisions importantes ont ete prises. En particulier, l'utilisation de leurs capacites depend pratiquement entierement d'autres acteurs plutot que d'eux-memes. Recemment, les plus grandes entreprises de construction, actives tant sur le marche national qu'a l'etranger, se sont engagees dans des processus de transformation afin de prendre le controle des activites de construction et de jouer un role pilote au sein des projets de construction. Pour cela, ils ont du integrer des elements des projets de construction qui jusqu'ici etaient sous la coupe d'autres acteurs. En aval de ce procede, il s'agit de reprendre le controle sur les travaux executes d'habitude par l'architecte pour le compte de son client; en amont, c'est la fonction du client lui-meme qui se trouve modifee. En pleine crise qui affecte l'ensemble de l'industrie depuis ces dernieres annees, c'est donc le producteur qui prend le commandement du processus de construction. L'ensemble de l'industrie va donc se trouver restructuree, ce qui ne manquera pas de soulever des problemes pour d'autres acteurs, notamment les petites et moyennes entreprises de ce secteur qui se trouvent releguees au rang de sous-traitants.     

The current status of psychotherapy integration in Germany and Switzerland.

The questions raised by Paul Wachtel are addressed in what follows. Some details have needed to be simplified, as what follows tries to describe the situation in two countries. Moreover, in one of them, Switzerland, the situation varies considerably from canton to canton (corresponding to U.S. states), reminding one of the joke in which a child asks his father where babies come from, and the father answers: "This all depends on the canton." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

德国的噪声污染防治现状及欧盟未来的噪声政策

本文介绍了联邦德国的噪声污染现状及噪声污染防治工作进展，还介绍了一个新的噪声污染计量概念－LKZ以及欧盟未来噪声防治的技术经济政策等。     

Influence of massive heat-pump introduction on the electricity-generation mix and the GHG effect: Comparison between Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands

To evaluate the environmental impact of massive heat-pump introduction on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in different electricity-generation systems, dynamic simulations have been carried out for four European countries, namely, Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands. For this purpose, the simulations are performed with Promix, a tool that models the overall electricity-generation system. Three heating devices are considered for each country, namely classic fossil-fuel heating, heat pumps and electric resistance heating. Both direct heat-pump heating with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.5 and accumulation heat-pump heating with a COP of 5 are investigated. The introduction of electric heating in an electricity-generation system increases the demand for electricity and generates a shift of emissions from fossil-fuel heating systems to electrical plants. The results of the simulations reveal that the massive introduction of either heat pump or resistance heating is always favourable to the environment in France. The most environmentally friendly scenario in 2010 is projected to reduce GHG emissions by about 3.8 Mton compared to the reference scenario. In Belgium and Germany, the largest reduction in GHG emissions occurs with accumulation heat pumps. Belgium can save up to 220 kton of GHG emissions, while Germany can attain reductions of 800 kton in 2010. In the Netherlands, a significant reduction can be achieved by considering the addition of gas-fired combined cycle (CC) power plants, together with the introduction of electric heating, resulting in emissions savings of 410 kton.     

德国家庭分配花园的当今效用及对中国的启示

家庭分配花园是由政府分配、家庭租赁来进行农作、园艺活动的独立小块城市绿地。德国家庭分配花园建设成熟,日常可用于耕种休闲、家庭聚会等,是当前城市中农产品、景观花卉等个性化种植的主要场所,是缓解城市居住分异的家庭纽带,具有阻止城市建设用地无序蔓延、确保城市绿地完整连续的规划作用。借鉴德国经验,建议中国应重视城市绿地服务于生产、生活、生态的复合型功能,在城市绿地系统中设置可用于家庭种植的绿地类型;以此关注城市家庭除居住以外的自存空间需求,探寻城市绿地家庭使用与公共使用的平衡;明确部分城市绿地的使用主体,增强城市绿地系统规划的实效。     

Integrating the rebound effect: accurate predictors for upgrading domestic heating

One particular definition of the ‘rebound effect’ has won acceptance for its conceptual clarity and mathematical robustness: the energy efficiency elasticity of demand for energy services. This is formulated as a partial differential, and its structure enables transformations with price and energy elasticities. However, when considering heating energy efficiency upgrades of homes, the mathematical predictions can be unreliable because these upgrades involve large changes in efficiency, energy and energy services, whereas differential calculus only holds true for very small changes. This could be one reason why existing estimates of rebound effects are so diverse. This paper shows how this limitation can be remedied, using the German housing stock as a case study. A curve of consumption/efficiency for this stock is derived from empirical studies and, based on the mathematical definition of the rebound effect, a rebound effect relation is derived from this. This curve is then integrated over the likely ranges of energy efficiency upgrades that would correspond to the government's policy of reducing consumption by 80%. The model is found to be mathematically coherent, and suggests energy service rebounds of 28–39% for the German stock as a whole if the 80% goal is achieved.     

德国太阳能光伏建筑的发展及应用

近年世界各国光伏产业迅猛发展,光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)正面临前所未有的发展机遇,德国在世界太阳能光伏技术及光伏建筑一体化应用方面保持着全球领先的地位,了解它的发展及应用,对我国光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)的发展和应用具有借鉴意义。     

在革新与现代主义之间:夏昌世与德国(英文)

夏昌世,中国第一代建筑师,1920年代在德国卡尔斯鲁厄留学。1932年,他在图宾根完成了博士论文之后重返祖国。1940年代后期,他在广州成为教授,1973年与妻子一同重返德国,并在那里生活直至1996年逝世。他的设计方法不仅受到那个时代欧洲现代主义运动氛围的熏陶,还来自他对中国传统景观与建筑艺术历史的研究。他是引领岭南区域形成岭南学派建筑的主导力量之一。同时,作为一建筑学教授,他在广州培养了新一代青年建筑师。     

德国市场广场的古与今

本文以德国市场广场的历史演变为研究对象,通过对比历史中和今日生活中的市场广场号观,提出德国市场广场是城市中“一体化”．的公共空间,公共性与人的活动是贯穿其发展历程的主要脉络;正是人性化的公共空间管理及其对公共活动的高度容纳才创造了今日德国市场广场多样化的空间与景观。     

德国高速拉丝模之研究

德国ＨＥＲＫＥＬ公司生产的高速拉丝模具在高速拉拔粗规格、高强度预应力钢丝中表现出较长的使用寿命。用ＣＤＴ－２００拉丝模孔型微机检测仪对其剖析结果表明，该模具完全遵循＂直线型拉丝模＂孔型设计理论。