Psychology in East Germany.

Discusses the nature of current psychology research in East Germany, including the work of Fischel (neurophysiology, animal behavior and genetics), W. Traxel ("An Empirical System of the Qualities of Feeling"), Vorweg and Vorweg (stereotyped attitudes), Zukowski ("Observations of Sea-Elephants in Captivity,"), Dathe (use of objects as tools by brown bears), and Grimm (bird population in Berlin). It is suggested that psychology in East Germany is a strange mixture of Gestalt principles and environmentalism, Marxist principles worked into the ontogenesis of behavior (as in a paper by G. Clauss), and is far removed from its innovator, Wilhelm Wundt. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Digital Age of Mobile Cellular Network in Germany and China：Policies,Technologies and Markets （Part Ⅱ）

The German Postal Reform I in 1989 introduced competition in the mobile cellular market. German cellular operators, DeTeMobil, Mannesmann, E-Plus and VIAG Interkom, built D1-, D2-, E1-and E2-Netze based on GSM standards made in Europe. China Unicom was created in 1994 and China Telecom was separated from MPT in 1995. China Telecom and China Unicom competed in a duopoly from the mid-1990s onwards and the cellular services provided by them also rely on GSM standards. China Telecom additionally deployed XLT technology (PHS) from the late 1990s onwards. While DeTeMobil and Mannesmann conquered approximately 80%-90% of the market throughout the 1990s and were the two dominant market players in Germany, China's cellular market was mainly controlled by China Mobile. In Germany, prices related to cellular technology continued the downwards trend as a major result of the process of deregulation, liberalisation and competition. In China, price wars had led to significant price reductions in the cellular market. Although network operators in both countries strived to deliver differentiated cellular services, the two national markets in the 1990s were visibly shaped by product homogeneity.     

The Digital Age of Mobile Cellular Network in Germany and China ：Policies,Technologies and Markets （Part Ⅰ）

The German Postal Reform I in 1989 introduced competition in the mobile cellular market. German cellular operators, DeTeMobil, Mannesmann, E-Plus and VIAG Interkom, built D1-, D2-, E1-and E2-Netze based on GSM standards made in Europe. China Unicom was created in 1994 and China Telecom was separated from MPT in 1995. China Telecom and China Unicom competed in a duopoly from the mid-1990s onwards and the cellular services provided by them also rely on GSM standards. China Telecom additionally deployed XLT technology (PHS) from the late 1990s onwards. While DeTeMobil and Mannesmann conquered approximately 80%-90% of the market throughout the 1990s and were the two dominant market players in Germany, China’s cellular market was mainly controlled by China Mobile. In Germany, prices related to cellular technology continued the downwards trend as a major result of the process of deregulation, liberalisation and competition. In China, price wars had led to significant price reductions in the cellular market. Although network operators in both countries strived to deliver differentiated cellular services, the two national markets in the 1990s were visibly shaped by product homogeneity.     

德国城市中心步行区的兴起与发展

步行区规划,作为一个重要的城市规划策略,在德国城市中心的发展经历了一个循序渐进的过程。步行区的成功,不仅完全改变了德国城市中心的面貌,也使得德国逐步摆脱了以私人汽车为主导的城市交通发展模式。通过梳理和回顾德国步行区从商业街的步行化改造,到城市中心步行区的扩张,再到迈向步行化城市三个阶段的发展历程,从中分析并总结了德国城市中心步行区在不同时代的规划策略和特点。研究表明,步行区的发展必需与经济社会发展阶段相适应,以市民生活需求变化为目标导向,并据此与城市中心的总体规划和城市公共交通规划相结合。     

FACIES HETEROGENEITIES IN A RAMP CARBONATE RESERVOIR ANALOGUE: A NEW HIGH‐RESOLUTION APPROACH FOR 3D FACIES MODELLING

In contrast to the conventional view that facies distribution patterns on carbonate ramps are relatively simple, outcrop analogue studies point to a high degree of internal facies complexity. Depending on the diagenetic overprint, this complex pattern may result in reservoir compartmentalization due to the presence of interflow baffles. The often subseismic scale heterogeneities may not be included in conventional reservoir modelling. In order to evaluate how facies heterogeneities in shoal reservoirs can be modelled realistically, this paper presents a facies modelling workflow which includes a new approach to the design of training images for multiple‐point statistics (MPS). The workflow was developed in the course of a reservoir outcrop analogue study of a Ladinian (Middle Triassic) coquinadominated shoal complex in SW Germany which was deposited on an epicontinental, gently inclined carbonate ramp. The data set was based on an intensive field study and includes 3D facies and sequence stratigraphic analyses of the largest shoal complex in the Quaderkalk Formation (Upper Muschelkalk). This several metre thick shoal complex represents a subseismic scale, bioclast‐rich reservoir analogue and has a very heterogeneous facies pattern. Integrating 1D facies logs and sequence stratigraphic trends from tens of outcrop sections and cores, two nested 3D geocellular facies models were produced: (i) a large‐scale (30 × 30 km) model based on truncated Gaussian simulation (TGS); this formed the basis for (ii) a smaller‐scale (10 × 10 km), more detailed model based on multiple point statistics. In addition, a new approach for training image design was developed to honour small‐scale sequence stratigraphic trends and lateral facies patterns observed in modern analogues. Compared to facies patterns in modern analogues, the large‐scale model presents geologically‐feasible facies distribution patterns and geometries, and in addition shows a vertical facies distribution which is similar to the observed sequence stratigraphic architecture of the outcrop data‐set used. Due to the new training image design, the final small‐scale model has a distribution pattern of facies heterogeneities which looks similar to modern facies distributions in the offshore UAE and thus represents a valuable method of producing realistic reservoir facies models. The modelling workflow and the new approach for training image design presented will help to reduce uncertainties in the understanding and modelling of subsurface reservoirs by using a systematic combination of outcrop data and modern analogues, with the consistent application of sequence stratigraphic principles. In addition, this study emphasises the importance of careful training image design, derived from modern analogues, which can be used as realistic inputs in order to optimize multiple point simulations, and which may be applied to producing bioclastic reservoirs such as those located on the Arabian Plate or offshore Brazil.     

德国职业教育特点及对我国职业教育的启示

笔者通过实地考察总结了德国职业教育特别是＂双元制＂教育模式的几个显著特点,并结合我国的职业教育谈了几点体会和看法。     

德国生态网络构建方法及多层次规划研究

生态网络作为德国自然保护领域的重要战略,在《联邦自然保护法》中占有重要地位。在由联邦自然保护局资助的多项研究项目中,德国逐渐形成了一套较为成熟、统一的生态网络构建方法及技术标准,并成为各州及地方开展生态网络规划的技术框架。德国的生态网络规划强调在跨国、国家、州及地方各个层级之间的实施和并在落实方法上积极探索了自然保护与空间规划两大政策领域间的整合。通过介绍德国生态网络的相关政策、构建方法、跨界合作以及在各州及地方的实践等,以期能为中国的生态网络规划与建设提供借鉴。     

北京五合:从海归派到国际化

从上个世纪初建筑的“西学东渐”到今天，中国的“海归派”们已历经数代，他们不仅成为中国与世界发达国家沟通，联系的重要桥梁，并进一步成为引进世界建筑领域先进设计理念和建筑技术的快速通道。今天，越来越多的国内建筑设计师在国外求学有成甚至工作一段时间后，回到中国这个巨大的建筑设计市场。     

德国国家空间规划的最新进展解析与启示

空间规划是国家政府宏观调控空间发展的重要手段之一。以概述德国空间规划为基础,重点从制定背景、主要内容、发展特征及其未来图景等方面,对2000年以来德国国家空间规划进行解读分析,并提出对我国相关空间规划的有益启示。     

从德国高等建筑教育谈技术素质的培养

从宏观的教育框架和微观的教育方法讨论了德国高等建筑教育中技术素质培养的优势和经验。在中德两国建筑教育比较研究的基础上,为我国的教育改革提出了积极可行的借鉴措施。