层状结构碳材料与Ar离子束的相互作用

利用XPS分析技术原位研究了层状结构的石墨碳及碳纳米管材料与Ar离子束的相互作用机理，以及对层状碳材料电子结构的影响。研究结果表明，Ar离子束与层状碳材料作用后，构成层状结构的以sp2杂化为基础的C－C共轭π键被Ar离子束打断，形成了新的C－C键。原有的层状结构也被破坏，形成了无定形结构。Ar离子束的作用是通过与C－C共轭π键作用，促进C-C共轭π键的断裂，而不仅仅是单纯的剥离作用。     

Synthesis and identification of artificial antigens for cadmium and copper

Cadmium and copper were conjugated to two carrier proteins using bifunctional chelators, including derivatives of ethylenediamine N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, to make artificial antigens for cadmium and copper. The artificial antigens were identified by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis results revealed that the conjugate band migrations were different from those of the chelator-protein conjugates and carrier proteins alone. The ultraviolet spectrophotometry results revealed that the maximum absorption peak of the conjugates had only a little peak shift. The graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry results revealed that the metal content of the conjugates was much higher than that of the carrier proteins and chelator-protein conjugates. The results indicated that the artificial antigens for cadmium and copper were successfully synthesised and could be useful as immunising antigens.     

A method for characterization and quantification of platelet graphite nanofiber edge crystal structure

Platelet graphite nanofibers are materials produced from the decomposition of carbon monoxide and hydrogen over iron powders. The surface consists of terminated graphite edges, differing from traditional graphite materials in which basal plane graphite surfaces dominate. The 3-dimensional morphology and crystal face exposure on the nanofiber surface was determined by selected area electron diffraction studies. From orientation of the “zigzag” and “armchair” directions, the concentration of and face families on the fiber surface, along with the overall geometry and shape of the nanofibers, were determined. To overcome the problem of large aspect ratio in such materials, the fibers were cleaved along the basal plane, which was oriented perpendicular to the fiber axis. Effectively, the materials were transformed into multiple single crystal graphite structures. The cleaved samples, because of the decreased depth of field, were then observed end on using transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was found that the zigzag/armchair face ratio for most observed structures was ∼1.7/1, but some samples deviated from this ratio. Such knowledge is useful in discerning types of graphite surfaces are exposed when nanostructured carbons are used as catalysts and catalyst supports.     

Studies on high temperature wear and its mechanism of Al-Si/graphite composite under dry sliding conditions

Wear behaviours of aluminum silicon alloy and Al-Si/graphite composite were investigated at ambient and elevated temperatures. The trend showed a decrease in wear rate with increase in temperature. The reduction in wear rate was mainly attributed to the formation of glazing layer and oxide layer at higher temperature. This was invariably observed in alloy and composites. In addition, the presence of graphite in composite offered better wear resistance for all temperatures under consideration. The wear due to oxidation was predominant during high temperature sliding.     

食品中铅的快速检测方法研究

本文建立直接固体进样-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测食品中铅的快速方法,采用铅标准溶液绘制标准曲线,0.1%Pd(NO_3)_2溶液作基体改进剂,优化石墨炉升温程序。方法的定量检出限为0.050ng,在奶粉、饼干基质的添加水平为0.5ng、1.0ng、2.0ng,回收率为95%～104%(n=6)。采用本方法对食品中铅进行测定,结果与微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法(AAS)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)的测定结果基本一致。固体样品直接测定,能避免样品消解过程中带来的污染,节约分析时间和成本。     

Alkali-assisted coal extraction with polar aprotic solvents

Coal extraction experiments were conducted using a coal, containing ca. 10% ash, from the Tshikondeni mine in South Africa. This coal dissolves only to a limited extent in pure polar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). However, the addition of a strong base, e.g. sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium tert-butoxide increased the degree of coal dissolution in these organic solvents. Depending on the extraction conditions, carbon extraction efficiencies of up to 90% were obtained. Carbon precursor material was recovered from the solution as a gel by precipitation with water. Ash content was reduced from 10% in the coal to less than 1.6% in the coal extracts. Sodium sulfide (Na₂S) addition further reduced ash content and aided the recovery of carbon precursors that led to graphitizable cokes but the degree of extraction was significantly reduced.     

Electrochemical pretreatment of textile effluents and effect of electrode materials on the removal of organics

The aquatic environment around the textile industries in India was severely affected due to continuous discharge of effluents. In order to avoid further deterioration, the pollution control board of Tamil Nadu, India has enforced zero discharge concepts throughout the state. Consequently, most of the industries have opted membrane technology to recover water. The present study was aimed to find out the efficacy of electrochemical techniques as pretreatment methods to reverse osmosis (RO). The textile wastewater was initially treated by electrocoagulation to remove the suspended solids. After the electrocoagulation, the wastewater was further treated by electrooxidation for COD removal. Mild steel as anode was found to be effective for coagulation of suspended solids. For electrooxidation, graphite and RuO₂/IrO₂/TaO₂ coated titanium were used as electrodes. The efficiency of these electrode materials was evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, instantaneous current efficiency (ICE) and electrooxidation index (EOI). The COD was removed to the extent of 90-93% using graphite and 54% with RuO₂/IrO₂/TaO₂ coated titanium electrodes. The current efficiency of 40% and 11% was achieved with graphite and RuO₂/IrO₂/TaO₂ coated titanium respectively. The degradation of organics was followed using GC-MS and the reason for incomplete degradation of organics in the presence of RuO₂/IrO₂/TaO₂ coated titanium was discussed.     

The electro-deoxidation of porous titanium dioxide precursors in molten calcium chloride under cathodic potential control

A study on the electro-deoxidation of porous titanium dioxide precursors in molten calcium chloride is reported. Experiments were performed with a three-terminal electrochemical cell, comprising a molten salt electrolyte of calcium chloride with additions of calcium oxide, a cathode of compact titanium dioxide with a significant degree of open porosity, as well as a graphite anode and a graphite pseudo-reference electrode. Reductions were carried out under cathodic potential control and at different applied potentials. The results reveal that the formation of titanium metal occurs at electrode potentials significantly more positive than that of calcium deposition, whilst the realisation of very low residual oxygen contents requires potentials around that of calcium deposition. It is demonstrated that oxygen contents in the titanium metal prepared of below 5000 ppm by mass may be achieved reproducibly within processing times of 16 h and at current efficiencies between 10 and 40%. The kinetic pathway is investigated, by analysing the compositions of samples prepared at different cathode potentials, and compared against the results from foregoing studies. It is found that the presence of calcium oxide in the calcium chloride accelerates the overall rate of electro-deoxidation, and that the temporary occurrence in the cathode of the calcium-containing compounds calcium titanate, CaTiO₃, and calcium titanite, CaTi₂O₄, are inherent features of the reaction path. The overpotential at the anode is shown to be of significant magnitude.     

Determination of trace nickel in water samples by cloud point extraction preconcentration coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method based on the cloud point extraction (CPE) preconcentration and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) detection was proposed for the determination of trace nickel in water samples. When the micelle solution temperature is higher than the cloud point of surfactant p-octylpolyethyleneglycolphenyether (Triton X-100), the complex of Ni2+ with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP) could enter surfactant-rich phase and be concentrated, then determined by GFAAS. The main factors affecting the cloud point extraction were investigated in detail. An enrichment factor of 27 was obtained for the preconcentration of Ni2+ with 10 mL solution. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of Ni2+ is 0.12 ng mL(-1) with R.S.D. of 4.3% (n = 10, c = 100 ng mL(-1)). The proposed method was applied to determination of trace nickel in water samples with satisfactory results.     

石墨表面无敏化及活化的化学镀铜法

由于石墨表面具有特殊性,具备自动催化的功能,因此无需敏化、活化等工艺,可直接在石墨表面进行化学镀铜,获得的铜镀层光滑致密,镀液的稳定性好,同时对石墨表面化学镀铜的机理进行了探讨,分析了镀液能稳定进行镀覆反应的原因,并利用SEM对反应初期以及后期的复合粉末进行了观察,证明反应时石墨表面能直接生成大量均匀分布的铜微晶,生长至彼此侧面相连时就得到完整镀层,并且石墨颗粒越小,化学镀铜的活性越高,因而非常适合用于制备高性能的金属石墨复合材料.