石墨粉镀银新工艺研究

研究了镀液中硝酸银浓度、石墨粉加入量和阴极电流密度等工艺条件对镀银石墨粉含银量和电镀效果的影响。用扫描电镜对镀银石墨粉的微观形貌和镀覆效果进行分析，通过X射线衍射仪对镀银石墨粉高温灼烧后的剩余物进行分析测试并计算镀银石墨粉的含银量。研究结果表明：采用惰性电极作为电镀阳极，在化学镀预处理过的石墨粉表面可成功镀覆一层银，其含银量达76%。     

Study on the graphite nanosheets/resin shielding coatings

Shielding coatings based on graphite nanosheets were prepared by compounding method. The surface morphology of the graphite nanosheets and conductive coatings was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The surface resistivity of the coatings was greatly declined by incorporating the graphite nanosheets. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (SE) from 0.3 MHz to 1.5 GHz was also studied, and found that the SE of the coatings was consistent with its conductivity. The best sample was shown to exhibit up to 38 dB of SE at 1.5 GHz (with a thickness of 400 μm). The main shielding mechanism of the system was reflection and multiple reflections.     

An in situ Raman study of the intercalation of supercapacitor-type electrolyte into microcrystalline graphite

An initial Raman study on the effects of intercalation for aprotic electrolyte-based electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) is reported. In situ Raman microscopy is employed in the study of the electrochemical intercalation of tetraethylammonium (Et₄N⁺) and tetrafluoroborate (BF₄⁻) into and out of microcrystalline graphite. During cyclic voltammetry experiments, the insertion of Et₄N⁺ into graphite for the negative electrode occurs at an onset potential of +1.0 V versus Li/Li⁺. For the positive electrode, BF₄⁻ was shown to intercalate above +4.3 V versus Li/Li⁺. The characteristic G-band doublet peak (E_2g2(i) (1578 cm⁻¹) and E_2g2(b) (1600 cm⁻¹)) showed that various staged compounds were formed in both cases and the return of the single G-band (1578 cm⁻¹) demonstrates that intercalation was fully reversible. The disappearance of the D-band (1329 cm⁻¹) in intercalated graphite is also noted and when the intercalant is removed a more intense D-band reappears, indicating possible lattice damage. For cation intercalation, such irreversible changes of the graphite structure are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

Preparation and characterization of a PMMA/Ce(OH)3, Pr2O3/graphite nanosheet composite

An easy process for the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)/Ce(OH)₃, Pr₂O₃/graphite nanosheet (PMMA/Ce(OH)₃, Pr₂O₃/NanoG) composite was developed. Graphite nanosheets (NanoG) were prepared by treating the expanded graphite with sonication in aqueous alcohol solution. The PMMA/Ce(OH)₃, Pr₂O₃/NanoG composites were prepared via in situ polymerization of MMA monomer in the presence of graphite nanosheets and Ce(OH)₃, Pr₂O₃ through reverse micelle template, in which the methyl methacrylate was designated as the oily phase. The composites were then dispersed with chloroform and coated on glass slides to form films. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and dispersion of the graphite nanosheets and the composites. The results showed that the high-aspect-ratio structure of the nanosheets played an important role in forming a conducting network in the PMMA matrix. From thermogravimetric analysis, the introduction of graphite nanosheets and inorganic nanopartices exhibited a beneficial effect on the thermal stability of PMMA.     

Production of finely ground natural graphite particles with high electrical conductivity by controlling the grinding atmosphere

Natural graphite particles with high crystallinity sieved to obtain a particle size range of under 63 μm were ground with a ball mill, under various well-controlled grinding atmospheres such as N₂, O₂, He, H₂, and vacuum. The ratio, X_dif50/X_st50, i.e. between the 50 wt.% Stokes diameter and the 50 wt.% laser diffraction diameter, of the ground particles, was used as an index of the flakiness of the particles. The specific resistance of films composed of the ground graphite particles was systematically measured. The rate of reduction in the size of the particles by grinding was slow under an O₂-rich atmosphere such as 100% O₂ and dry air. On the other hand, it was relatively fast in vacuum, or under an N₂ or He atmosphere, and a gas mixture of 99% N₂ and 1% O₂. The rate of size reduction by grinding under a H₂ atmosphere was intermediate. In our experimental conditions, the flakiness of the ground particles increased with the decrease in the particles’ sizes. The electrical conductivity of the ground particles, however, tended to decrease with the decrease in their sizes. Under the condition that the Stokes diameter of the ground particles remains constant, the electrical conductivity of films made from the ground particles increases with the increase in the flakiness of the particles. It was finally determined from our systematic grinding experiments that small flaky particles, which had a size, X_st of ∼1 μm, with a high electrical conductivity can be produced by grinding in a gas mixture of 99% N₂ and 1% O₂. In this case, the flaky shape of the ground particles was visually confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.     

Characterization of n-hexadecylalkylamine-intercalated graphite oxides as sorbents

Adsorption properties of graphite oxides hydrophobized by n-hexadecylamine, (C16)_xGO, were investigated using pyrene molecules as a model of nonionic organic contaminants. A large quantity of pyrene (28.5 mg/g) was adsorbed from a water-ethanol mixture (1:2) containing 2 mM of pyrene when (C16)_0.6GO was used. The isotherm of pyrene adsorption was better described by Freundlich equation rather than Langmuir equation, which indicated a single adsorption mechanism was involved. The change in the amount of adsorbed pyrene as a function of amine content in GO was very similar to that which occurs upon introduction of pyrene into (C16)_xGO films from chloroform solution, as determined by X-ray measurements. This suggests that pyrene molecules were adsorbed not only on the outer surface but also within the interlayer space of the intercalation compound. Swelling of the intercalation compound by ethanol can render the interlayers more organophilic and make access to hexadecylamine molecules bonded to the graphite oxide layer easier for pyrene molecules, especially in (C16)_xGOs with lower amine contents.     

关于解决g-C3N4在光催化制氢领域的两个局限的研究进展

随着工业的发展，化石燃料消耗巨大，环境问题也日益突出，寻找一种绿色新型能源已成为一个被广泛讨论的问题。氢气是一种清洁、可再生燃料，利用光催化剂分解水制氢气是一种制取氢气的有效途径。石墨碳氮化物（g-C3N4）作为光催化剂不仅成本低、反应稳定，而且其尺寸、厚度、结构、形貌等可控，在众多光催化剂中脱颖而出。但g-C3N4目前在光催化领域主要存在两个局限：g-C3N4不能有效地吸收光来产生足够多的光生电子-空穴对；g-C3N4不能有效的运输及分离光生电子-空穴对，以至于电子与空穴的复合率较高。文章综述了g-C3N4在光催化制氢领域的进展成果，分析了g-C3N4存在的问题并总结了其改进方法，最后对g-C3N4进行了展望，以期为设计高效、稳定的光催化制氢材料提供参考。     

Cellulose as a binding material in graphitic anodes for Li ion batteries: a performance and degradation study

Four types of cellulose, in particular carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), are tested as potential binding materials in graphitic anodes for lithium ion batteries. It is shown that a minimum content of a cellulose which gives acceptable anode properties (reversible capacity>300 mA h g⁻¹ during the first 10 cycles, irreversible loss<20%) is about 2 wt.%, which is less than in the case of conventional polymeric binders (5-10 wt.%). Kinetics of insertion-deinsertion and passivation processes seem not to be affected by the presence of cellulose. Explanation for the electrode failure at cellulose contents lower than 1 wt.% is given based on X-ray diffraction and microscopy investigations. Finally, the structure (distribution) of cellulose in the composite anode material is discussed and (indirectly) checked with a series of experiments. Most results are compared with the corresponding results obtained either with gelatin or conventional polymeric binders or both.     

柔性石墨纸轧机动刚度薄弱部位辨识与优化

借助谐响应分析辨识出柔性石墨纸轧机动刚度的薄弱环节,并利用灵敏度分析方法建立该环节的优化数学模型,进而实现对整机动刚度的提升。通过对各部件刚度提升前后的柔性石墨纸轧机进行模态分析,并对比各部件对整机固有频率的影响,辨识出薄弱部位为底座,故以底座为优化对象;将牌坊Y向共振频率对底座尺寸的灵敏度曲线拟合得出优化目标函数,以Y向共振频率为优化目标,质量为约束条件建立优化方程并求解;对比优化前后整机的动刚度,得出:在质量不增加的情况下,整机薄弱频率提升了24.1%,Y向振幅降低了15.9%。为提高优化效率提供了理论依据和参考。     

石墨颗粒表面化学镀铜研究

为了充分利用Cu的导电性能，碳石墨的润滑性能，改善Cu/C的润湿性，用化学镀铜的方法成功地对石墨颗粒表面进行镀覆，详细地研究了镀铜液组分及工艺与石墨颗粒表面镀铜层厚度、沉积速率的关系，并得出较好的组分工艺方案，采用优化工艺可以得到平均厚度约7．1μm的镀铜层。同时应用X射线、金相显微镜、扫描电镜及电子探针对镀铜层的厚度、表面形貌、镀铜层与基体的界面进行了全面观察。分析表明，Cu/C界面存在过渡层，界面成锯齿状，机械冶金结合的特征十分明显，改善了铜碳界面的相溶性。