Perspectives on implementing energy efficiency in existing Swedish detached houses

In this study, we first analyse energy-efficiency measures in existing electrically heated houses in Sweden from a societal economic perspective. Measures to a house envelopes and to energy supply chains are evaluated through a system analysis approach and we include the external costs of climate change and the effect of different Swedish climatic zones. We find that in a typical house from the 1970s, conversion from electric heating is highly motivated since the mitigation cost of conversion is lower than the estimated external costs of emitted CO₂. Both conversions and house envelope measures are more motivated in the northern part of the country, where there is a higher heat demand. A successful implementation of changes requires them to be attractive for consumers to adopt. We therefore secondly analyse the economic conditions for Swedish house owners to implement societal economic cost-efficient measures. We include the economic influence of an investment subsidy for heating system conversion, an income tax deduction for changing windows, customer electricity tax, real estate tax and of the cost of purchased energy from different energy suppliers. Apart from the economics, several other factors affect a house owner's decision to change heating systems. We therefore thirdly analyse house owners’ perceptions of different heating supply alternatives based on the results of two comprehensive questionnaires. These different perspectives are combined in a discussion whether the studied policy instruments encourage house owners to implement changes in accordance with the energy-efficiency goals of decision makers. We find that the investment subsidy could be useful to break the lock-in effect of resistance heaters, which house owners seemed to experience. The electricity tax makes heating systems in line with national goals more competitive and efficiency measures to the house envelope more profitable. The reduction of the electricity tax in the northern part of the country has the opposite effect. Also, the increase in real estate tax when implementing energy-efficiency measures gives a contradictory message. The price differences between energy suppliers has a larger impact on the house owners’ economic conditions than both subsidies and tax rate changes, and possibly also affect the house owner's attitudes towards various systems.     

多联产系统:综合解决我国能源领域五大问题的重要途径

在21世纪，我国的能源领域面临能源供应、液体燃料短缺、环境污染、温室气体排放和农村能源结构调整五大问题。以煤气化为核心的多联产系统是综合解决这五大问题的重要途径。     

海南岛极端暴雨事件时空演变规律分析

为分析海南岛极端暴雨事件长期时空演变趋势,基于海南岛7个观测站近53年逐日降雨资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall方法和稳定性分析探讨了海南岛极端暴雨事件时空演变规律。结果表明,近53年来海南岛极端降雨指标均显示出上升趋势,但极端降雨日数增加趋势较弱,短历时暴雨强度增加;海南岛极端降雨指标变化趋势整体上不是很显著,且大部分地区各指标的变化趋势均较不稳定,但三亚市大部分指标均呈稳定增加趋势,应更加注重该地区的防洪排涝建设。     

马钢光明新村H型钢小高层住宅楼结构体系的设计与施工技术

本文介绍马钢热轧H型钢在马钢光明新村小高层住宅结构体系中的运用,以及在施工中综合采用钢柱结构预拼装、冷轧焊结网等施工技术。     

The 21st-Century Welfare City: Aalborg + Copenhagen,Denmark

Under the scientific eye of satellite surveillance, the world's urban conglomerations often appear heterogeneous. On the ground, differences and special features of a city remain of utmost importance to the quality of life of its citizens. Hans Kiib and Gitte Marling assess how the welfare system in Denmark, which is so dear to many Danes, is holding up. If the physical, Modernist urban model of the welfare city is to endure, can it withstand the irresistible, less tangible pull of consumption and aspirational individualised lifestyles that are penetrating the globe worldwide? Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Making Place in Bangalore

In the city of Bangalore in southern India, the predominant architectural language is that of conventional global commerce. ‘Bland high-rise developments’ jostle with shanties and urban sprawl. Anooradha Iyer Siddiqi, AIA, explores an alternative way, by Shilpa Sindoor Architects and Planners. The practice invests in a sense of place, but also uses a knowledge of the local construction market and materials to its economic advantage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Walter Pichler

Throughout his lifetime, the Austrian-born artist, maker and recluse Walter Pichler has defied an easy understanding of his work or its purpose. ‘Coming into contact with any product [of Pichler's],’ writes critic David Dunster , ‘elicits for me the sensation of a chilling proximity to the inevitable.’ Pichler, the practitioner of personal obsessions, ‘created a commentary that is far from private but retains the nature of an archetypal investigation’. In a rare look at his work, Dunster here offers us an eloquent personal insight that stirs a potent array of emotion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海南联网工程海底电缆的选择

针对海南联网工程“交流500 kV、初期联网规模600 MW”联网方案,基于海底电缆的特殊性,简单分析了跨海电缆的型式选择。在此基础上,结合海南联网工程的系统条件,分析及校核计算了不同绝缘材料海底电缆的截面选择、电缆载流量、高抗配置方案及它们的技术经济比较。结果表明,短路电流及电压损耗方面对电缆选择基本不会产生影响;海底电缆选用800 mm2截面时,牛皮纸和PPLP两种绝缘电缆的长期容许电流均可满足联网规模的要求,且前者电气性能优于后者,故其采购价格高出一定范围是可以接受的,具体视电价水平而定。具体工程中的电缆选择问题还应视电缆具体参数及性能而定。     

基于HoR的可靠性配置方法研究

运用HoR(House of Reliability)思想,将故障树分析(FTA)、失效模式影响及危害性分析(FMECA)整合于质量功能配置(QFD)中,建立可靠性配置流程:对系统可靠性指标进行分配,解决了传统方法过度依赖于主观打分的问题;在此基础上,建立以顾客可靠性满意度最大和配置成本最低为目标的模型,将可靠性指标配置到具体的工程技术特征上。并以数控车床电主轴为例,对模型的有效性进行了验证。     

Q365抛丸清理室改造

通过对Q365抛丸清理室的改造,增加抛丸头,提高了清砂质量及效率,进一步改善了铸件的外观质量.