莱布尼茨柱廊的立面分层阅读

本文通过对德国建筑师汉斯·考霍夫设计的莱布尼茨柱廊的立面分层阅读,揭示了建筑师将立面设计为多个层次叠加在一起的动因和其中暗含的设计原则,以及立面所反映出来的城市设计策略。     

Finding and removing Clever Hans: Using explanation methods to debug and improve deep models

Contemporary learning models for computer vision are typically trained on very large (benchmark) datasets with millions of samples. These may, however, contain biases, artifacts, or errors that have gone unnoticed and are exploitable by the model. In the worst case, the trained model does not learn a valid and generalizable strategy to solve the problem it was trained for, and becomes a “Clever Hans” predictor that bases its decisions on spurious correlations in the training data, potentially yielding an unrepresentative or unfair, and possibly even hazardous predictor. In this paper, we contribute by providing a comprehensive analysis framework based on a scalable statistical analysis of attributions from explanation methods for large data corpora. Based on a recent technique — Spectral Relevance Analysis — we propose the following technical contributions and resulting findings: (a) a scalable quantification of artifactual and poisoned classes where the machine learning models under study exhibit Clever Hans behavior, (b) several approaches we collectively denote as Class Artifact Compensation, which are able to effectively and significantly reduce a model’s Clever Hans behavior, i.e., we are able to un-Hans models trained on (poisoned) datasets, such as the popular ImageNet data corpus. We demonstrate that Class Artifact Compensation, defined in a simple theoretical framework, may be implemented as part of a neural network’s training or fine-tuning process, or in a post-hoc manner by injecting additional layers, preventing any further propagation of undesired Clever Hans features, into the network architecture. Using our proposed methods, we provide qualitative and quantitative analyses of the biases and artifacts in, e.g., the ImageNet dataset, the Adience benchmark dataset of unfiltered faces, and the ISIC 2019 skin lesion analysis dataset. We demonstrate that these insights can give rise to improved, more representative, and fairer models operating on implicitly cleaned data corpora.     

Organicist concepts of city landscape in German planning after the second world war

The debates surrounding post-war reconstruction of Germany centred around three planning strategies as described in: the books Organische Stadtbaukunst (The Organic Art of Building Towns) (1948) by Hans Bernhard Reichow and Die Raumstadt (The Spatial City) (1949) by Walter Schwagenscheidt, as well as the 1946 exhibition Berlin plant—Erster Bericht (Berlin Plans—First Report) organized under the direction of Hans Scharoun. Despite the different political attitudes of their authors, these three planning strategies seem to be connected by the same goal: the big city was to be radically broken apart and a new green city landscape created. In order to plan and build this new city as a complex system integrated with the native landscape, the planners conceived the city to be like an organism in relation to its environment. Their shared organic conception reveals traces of natural science and nature-oriented philosophies. This investigation traces the origin of this new city landscape concept back to the intellectual-historical context at the beginning of the 20th century.     

强有力的空间乐章——经历柏林爱乐乐厅

描述了参观柏林爱乐乐厅时的深刻感受,进而重点对观众休息厅进行了分析,力求说明夏隆是如何设计出这样一个曲折幽深、步移景异、不同凡响的建筑空间的,认为建筑空间中所透出的内在力度是这个设计的一个突出特点.     

Hans Blumenfeld: a moderate defence of expertise in the controversial 1960s

Despite an impressive international career, the German city planner Hans Blumenfeld remains largely unknown. In The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal, Christopher Klemek depicts him as an apologist of authoritarian and technocratic urban renewal. This statement is puzzling because many post-war planners saw him as a humble left-wing progressive. Drawing from a close analysis of the writings and actions of Blumenfeld, in particular his work in Canada, this article shows that he was far from being an uncritical apologist of urban renewal in North America. He was always very sceptical but, as opposed to Jane Jacobs, he did not think that modernist urban planning had it all wrong. He always thought that progress came not only from citizens’ participation, but also principally from science and expertise. For that reason, Blumenfeld tried, on the one hand, to transform the language of city planning to answer criticism from citizens and activists, and, on the other, to retain the expertise to proceed from plan-making to a communication-process, as some professionals were beginning to advocate at the time.     

In the Our Beautiful Future

Martha Rosler describes Oleanna, a collaborative project, manifested in part at the 2003 Venice Biennale, that joined together students and artists in imagining alternative publics to ‘rescue the utopian hopes of modernity’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Baroque Exuberance: Frivolity or Disquiet

Robert Harbison defines the Baroque in the 17th and early 18th centuries, which is so often characterised in contrast with the Renaissance by its excess and drama. In doing so, he challenges the reader to consider whether this artful style of subversion, tension, movement, gravity-defying feats and freedom was really one of whimsical frivolity or subversive disquiet. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

杂谈柯布——彼得·布伦德尔·琼斯访谈

以勒·柯布西埃为主题,记录了对英国著名建筑历史理论家和评论家彼得·布伦德尔·琼斯教授的一次访谈.从《走向新建筑》译名和思想、柯布对现代主义的双关影响、柯布与同时代建筑师汉斯·夏隆的建筑创作思想的差异这三方面,试图呈现琼斯教授对柯布、现代建筑理论、当代建筑教育三者关系的一些思考.