Sorption of sulfur mustard and its oxygen analog in black and nonblack-filled butyl rubber membranes

Butyl rubber (IIR) membranes containing a 0–50% volume fraction of carbon black (GPF N660) or nonblack fillers (talc/precipitated CaCO₃/fullers earth) were prepared by solution casting and evaluated for permeation resistance to the vesicant, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, or sulfur mustard (SM) and its oxygen analog (OA), bis(2-chloroethyl)ether. The diffusivity of the chemicals was determined from the breakthrough time (BTT), obtained using the spot disc test and a gravimetric method. The permeation parameters, calculated from the sorption data, were used to determine an optimum filler content for maximum protection against SM. To investigate the effect of carbon loading on the permeation properties of IIR, the permeation of SM and OA in carbon-loaded black membranes was compared with nonblack membranes and interpreted in terms of the dispersion of carbon in the membranes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 503–511, 1998     

绿芥末对即食鲜切生菜的保鲜效果

为明确绿芥末对即食鲜切生菜的保鲜效果,以清水和NaClO常规处理为对照组,考查了不同浓度的绿芥末液浸泡保鲜处理对即食鲜切生菜的失重率、腐烂率、褐变指数、感官评价、微生物菌落总数、沙门氏菌、单增李斯特菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157∶H7等指标的影响。结果表明,冷藏温度4℃,相对湿度85.6%~95%条件下,不同浓度的绿芥末均对即食鲜切生菜具有一定的保鲜效果。其中,以16 g/L的绿芥末对鲜切生菜的保鲜效果最好,保鲜期为7 d。该浓度下,生菜的感官品质最好,无腐烂、萎蔫、黄化,褐变指数最低(仅为1.67%),菌落总数为1.1×10⁵ CFU/g,且无沙门氏菌、单增李斯特菌和大肠埃希氏菌O157∶H7检出。该研究有望为今后生产上采用绿色保鲜剂替代化学保鲜剂,改善产品品质,延长产品货架期提供有益参考和借鉴。     

Effect of refining of crude rice bran oil on the retention of oryzanol in the refined oil

The effect of different processing steps of refining on retention or the availability of oryzanol in refined oil and the oryzanol composition of Indian paddy cultivars and commercial products of the rice bran oil (RBO) industry were investigated. Degumming and dewaxing of crude RBO removed only 1.1 and 5.9% of oryzanol while the alkali treatment removed 93.0 to 94.6% of oryzanol from the original crude oil. Irrespective of the strength of alkali (12 to 20° Be studied), retention of oryzanol in the refined RBO was only 5.4–17.2% for crude oil, 5.9–15.0% for degummed oil, and 7.0 to 9.7% for degummed and dewaxed oil. The oryzanol content of oil extracted from the bran of 18 Indian paddy cultivars ranged from 1.63 to 2.72%, which is the first report of its kind in the literature on oryzanol content. The oryzanol content ranged from 1.1 to 1.74% for physically refined RBO while for alkali-refined oil it was 0.19–0.20%. The oil subjected to physical refining (commercial sample) retained the original amount of oryzanol after refining (1.60 and 1.74%), whereas the chemically refined oil showed a considerably lower amount (0.19%). Thus, the oryzanol, which is lost during the chemical refining process, has been carried into the soapstock. The content of oryzanol of the commercial RBO, soapstock, acid oil, and deodorizer distillate were in the range: 1.7–2.1, 6.3–6.9, 3.3–7.4, and 0.79%, respectively. These results showed that the processing steps—viz., degumming (1.1%), dewaxing (5.9%), physical refining (0%), bleaching and deodorization of the oil—did not affect the content of oryzanol appreciably, while 83–95% of it was lost during alkali refining. The oryzanol composition of crude oil and soapstock as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography indicated 24-methylene cycloartanyl ferulate (30–38%) and campesteryl ferulate (24.4–26.9%) as the major ferulates. The results presented here are probably the first systematic report on oryzanol availability in differently processed RBO, soapstocks, acid oils, and for oils of Indian paddy cultivars.     

盐渍榨菜货架期预测动力学模型研究

以盐渍榨菜为研究对象,研究盐渍榨菜在光照强度4000lx、空气湿度80%RH、不同贮藏温度(5、25、37℃)条件下,盐渍榨菜的感官品质、脆度、菌落总数随贮藏时间的变化规律。运用Arrhenius 方程分别建立盐渍榨菜脆度、菌落总数与贮藏温度、时间之间的品质动力学模型,得到的盐渍榨菜货架期预测模型为：y ＝ 238.57e － 0.0162x(R2 ＝ 0.9853);实验表明,盐渍榨菜品质变化动力学模型有较高的拟合精度(R2 ＞ 0.95),可准确地预测盐渍榨菜的货架期。     

不同盐度盐渍的雪菜化学及挥发性成分的分析

以新鲜雪菜原料为对照,测定了不同盐渍程度雪菜的酸度、盐度、水分、亚硝酸盐及挥发性成分。 结果表明,盐渍雪菜盐度先 减少后平衡,酸度则逐渐增高,亚硝酸盐先上升后下降,水分含量逐渐下降。 新鲜雪菜（1#样品）、12%盐渍雪菜（2#样品）、16%盐渍雪 菜（3#样品）中分别共检测出12种、33种、55种挥发性成分,主要为醇、酸、酯类物质。 新鲜雪菜的挥发性物质主要为异硫氰酸烯丙酯, 经过腌制后含量下降,使风味更加柔和。 16%盐渍雪菜风味最好,其相对含量较多的挥发性物质主要包括为苯乙醇、苯代丙腈、乙酸、 异丁酸、3-甲基戊酸、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚、十六酸甲酯、十六酸乙酯、亚麻酸甲酯、亚麻酸乙酯、β-紫罗酮。     

雪里蕻腌菜风味物质的研究

利用GC-MS技术对雪里蕻腌菜卤汁乙醚萃取液中组分进行了鉴定分析,结果鉴定出有机酸组分8个,醇类组分4个,腈类组分2个,酯类组分1个,芳烃类组分2个,并对卤汁中的醇类组分乙醇、丙醇、丁醇及2,3-丁二醇进行了气相色谱检测,卤汁中的乙醛、乙偶姻、双乙酰经2,4*二硝基苯肼衍生化后进行了高效液相色谱分析,还对其中重要风味组分的乳酸发酵机理及其对雪里蕻腌菜风味的影响进行了分析讨论。     

芥菜半干腌制发酵过程中乳酸菌的分离及特性研究

本文主要对芥菜半干腌制发酵过程中不同时期的乳酸菌进行分离鉴定及特性研究,从中分离出6种菌。经形态特征、培养特性和生化试验等鉴定,结果表明,这6种菌分别为:肠膜状明串珠菌、发酵乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、乳酸片球菌、酵母菌和短乳杆菌。并观察了发酵过程中各个时期的主导菌相,最后得出保证腌制芥菜腌制成功的因素及其最终发酵pH。     

Prediction of unburnt carbon in tangentially fired boiler using Indian coals

Accurate prediction of percentage unburnt carbon in fly ash in the case of high ash content Indian coal, at the design stage, is generally difficult. In the present paper, a large number of laboratory test data and site data are used to understand the mechanism of unburnt carbon in fly ash as well as in bottom ash. Rigorous statistical analysis of the performance data taken from tangentially fired boilers shows that empirical correlation between a combination of coal properties and percentage unburnt carbon in fly ash exist. Equations to predict percentage unburnt carbon in fly ash and bottom ash have been proposed.     

Antioxidative effect of the main sinapic acid derivatives from rapeseed and mustard oil by‐products

Amongst oilseeds, rapeseed and mustard are rich sources of phenolic compounds, which also prominent in the by‐products of their respective oil processing or in commercial rapeseed and mustard press cakes. These cakes are rich sources of sinapic acid derivatives, which could be extracted as free sinapic acid or sinapine, the choline ester of sinapic acid. Sinapic acid is a widely investigated antioxidative compound. However, the main compound in the press cakes is present as sinapine. Investigations on the free‐radical‐scavenging activity of sinapic acid and sinapine indicate that sinapine had a significant but lower activity as compared to sinapic acid. Apart from this, sinapic acid, sinapine and different tocopherols were compared as antioxidants for inhibition of the formation of lipid oxidation products in purified rapeseed oils. The oxidation at 40 °C was monitored by the formation of hydroperoxides and propanal. The experiments indicate that in contrast to tocopherol mixtures addition of sinapic acid causes increasing inhibition of hydroperoxide formation when enhancing the concentration from 50 to 500 μmol/kg oil. Sinapine was not able to inhibit the formation of hydroperoxides, compared to sinapic acid. This indicates that sinapic acid‐rich extracts, as compared to sinapine‐rich fractions, could better inhibit the lipid oxidation in bulk lipid systems.