浅谈西班牙中型城市绿色基础设施战略如何为公众健康带来福祉：拉科鲁尼亚案例分析

绿色基础设施建设是一个强大的多尺度规划战略,它在全球范围内正以迅猛之势蓬勃发展,并形成了一个能够带来多种利益的复杂系统（法布士,1995;兹欧拉斯,2007,等）,包括公众的健康与福利。证据表明,它能提高生活质量,改善心理健康问题,增加幸福感。在这一战略中,绿色基础设施的选址、大小、质量以及可达性对于公众健康的改善有至关重要的作用。西班牙的拉科鲁尼亚市是一个高密度中型城市,这一案例值得人们关注。关于该市现状及新总体规划的研究阐明了应该如何通过运用景观生态原则来改善绿色规划、增加其带来的尤其是关于公众健康的利益。以SWOT研究为基础,本文将对该案例的不足进行解释说明,并思考其在绿色基础设施战略、实施过程以及设计方案中的影响。目前,已有众多研究突出了在类似于拉科鲁尼亚市的密集城市中整合与实施这些规划战略的必要性,因为它们能够改善公众健康,生活质量与景观,并作为一个有竞争力的全球优势发挥作用。本研究将阐述区域性规划在增强城市网络（西班牙北部）的空间连续性,继而将其开放至大西洋方面的必要性。     

起步 合作式多学科的框架流程式教学

在卡尔·斯坦尼茨的景观规划和设计教学框架流程中,作为主要成果的＂改变模型＂的起步阶段是最艰难也是最重要的。在简述其教学框架流程的基本内容和使用方式之后,介绍了百慕大和墨西哥泰波兹特兰两个设计课题的教学过程,最后讨论了教学中团队合作的角色分工问题。     

我国城市水土保持几个问题的讨论

我国城市水土保持经过近20年的发展,已经成为水土保持的一个重要领域。在当前城市化高速发展的情况下,新时期的城市水土保持应在内涵和外延上进一步拓展,充分发挥城市水土保持的生态服务功能、景观与游憩功能、防灾避险功能。以生态学理论为指导、城市水土保持资源化、城市水土保持与城市生态文明建设密切结合,将是城市水土保持发展的必然趋势。     

地理设计简述：概念、框架及实例

简要地介绍了地理设计的概念、框架并列举了一个实际的应用实例。首先追溯了地理设计的历史渊源,其后讲解了它的关键概念。地理设计并非是一个新的学科,而是一种新的理念,并在技术上借助地理信息系统、整合并协调诸如城市规划、风景园林、建筑设计等传统学科的一种集成的努力。地理设计为改善甚至拯救环境提供了一个有力的手段。以地理位置为基础的规划设计是地理设计的基础。讲解了地理设计框架的核心内容,即四方参与及六大过程往复循环发展,引用了一个运用地理设计原理在城市规划方面的应用的近期实例。     

Are There Counter-Landscapes? On Milk Trestles and Invisible Power Lines

The paper takes its starting point from the duality in the Estonian rural landscape shaped by social practices. On the one hand, the changes and management of landscapes follow a political decision. At the same time, the old patterns of semi-legal activity offer a resistant practice. The study is illustrated with the milk trestle, a now-disappeared symbol of recent history in the Soviet countryside. The milk trestles and their role in Estonian country life are studied from a threefold perspective—their functions, meanings and the values behind this symbol. The article is based on ethnographic field work carried out between the years of 2001 and 2002 and traces the phenomenon of how living landscape transforms into deserted landscape; in other words, how story becomes history. The paper shows how the milk trestle landscape functioned as a prolongation of the former landscape behind the ideological layers of the Soviet landscapes.     

Integrating Ecological,Social and Cultural Dimensions in the Implementation of the Landscape Convention

Implementation of the European Landscape Convention requires new tools that link ecological, social and cultural dimensions in practical planning. Here, we propose connectivity as a conceptual tool to include different dimensions into landscape and spatial planning. We present a short review of the connectivity concept in relation to ecological, social and cultural dimensions and illustrate it by examples from a real landscape planning case.     

Wild Ways and Paths of Pleasure: Access to British waterfalls, 1500–2000

In Britain the rise of tourism, largely associated with the Romantic taste for landscape, encouraged travel to relatively inaccessible areas. Among travellers in search of the picturesque and the sublime, waterfalls were particularly popular, but these were commonly difficult and dangerous places to visit. The impact of tourism on the evolution of the landscape at waterfall sites over a period during which people travelled to tourist centres on horseback, by coach, by rail and by motor vehicle is examined. Drawing on topographical, travel and tourist literature from the sixteenth century to 2000, together with extensive field observation, the evolution from the 'natural' to the designed landscape, created to meet the needs of, and to attract, visitors, is considered. It is demonstrated how, while facilitating visits to natural attractions such as waterfalls, improved access and the provision of amenities have changed valued landscapes and, hence, the visitor's experience of them.     

Using Landscape Characteristics for Targeting Habitat Conservation and Restoration: A case study of ancient semi-natural woodland in the Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty,UK

Ancient semi-natural deciduous woodland is a rare and threatened habitat cited by the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Current protection of this endangered habitat in the UK takes the form of site-specific reserve designations but, if the habitat is to be conserved and enhanced, a landscape-scale selective targeting system is required. In the absence of suitable species data, physical attributes of habitat patches are used as surrogate indicators of biodiversity. Using a land-use database held on a geographical information system, values of four abiotic criteria (patch area, patch shape, nearest-neighbour distance and surrounding land use) of 48 ancient semi-natural woodland patches in part of the Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty were calculated. In order to validate the findings, three lists of floral and faunal species, indicative of ancient semi-natural woodland, were compiled, and the patches ranked according to their alpha diversity using each list. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated for patch alpha diversity and patch area (0.322 to 0.482), patch shape (0.275 to 0.465) and nearest-neighbour distance ( - 0.092 to - 0.223). Multiple regression indicated that between 15 and 22% of the variation in alpha patch diversity was explained by the abiotic factors. It is suggested that spatial targeting at the landscape scale is a valuable approach to habitat conservation.     

Charting the Potential of Landscape Urbanism in Dubai

Landscape Urbanism has been, to date, a theory emerging primarily from the Western world. This paper counters the Western focus by exploring the potential of Landscape Urbanism theory in Dubai. In a previous article published by the author, landscape architecture in Dubai has been identified as diverging from the tenets of the various charters of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), having apparently scant regard for pressing ecological, social and cultural design issues. Landscape Urbanism in this paper is discussed with respect to its ability to bolster the practice of landscape architecture in Dubai in relation to these issues. The paper argues that a number of key facets of Landscape Urbanism appear difficult to reconcile with the ecological, social and cultural conditions of Dubai. Further to this, it tends to lack the tools by which landscape urbanists in Dubai could link theory with practice.     

Valley landscape management: the context of a ‘river contract’ in the Semois valley,Belgium

A trans‐boundary and multi‐disciplinary approach to the river contract project for the Semois valley in Wallonia (Belgium) is described that provided the opportunity for a landscape‐scale focus during actions to restore the watercourses and the associated valley area. A trans‐boundary landscape survey was carried out under the context of the Interreg III European programme. This resulted in the rediscovery of lost views and viewpoints within the landscape and in the implementation of actions leading to the opening up of the valley, which provided opportunities to re‐establish lost landscape features, such as hay meadows. The gathering of many partners in the negotiation process of this project can be seen as an example of ‘landscape democratization’ or participative management of landscapes in a trans‐boundary and trans‐disciplinary context and as such this project is a concrete realization of the aims of the European Landscape Convention (ELC).