房子里的聚落

当白色的几何空间带给我们清新的一瞥,你也许认为这是建筑师在模仿极简主义的形式手法,而当你身陷其中,空间的张力和干净的线脚带来广大和精微的双重感受,洁净的东方气质被白色混凝土浇筑出来,让我们忍不住猜想建筑师在表面的极简背后,定要表达更丰富的意义。这就是王昀,从近十年的世界聚落研究走回中国的建筑师。     

汉代陶屋所反映的岭南民居的变迁——试论“三间两廊”的形成

通过对岭南汉代出土的陶屋进行重新分类,总结其类型特征,寻找岭南汉代陶屋的演变规律,推断汉代岭南民居的变化过程,并对比现存岭南民居,尝试探索岭南民居发展的历史过程。     

飞机顶层设计中的模糊质量功能配置方法

飞机设计是一项复杂的大系统工程,涉及到多学科交叉和多技术领域。飞行器顶层/详细设计技术是现代各国发展先进航空航天器系统所采用的综合技术的重要内容,同时是未来飞行器设计研究的发展趋势。在常规质量功能配置(Quality function deployment,QFD)方法的基础上,建立了飞机顶层决策设计的模糊质量功能配置(Fuzzy quality function deployment,FQFD)理论和顶层设计的递阶层次结构以及竞争性因子的模糊评判模型,研究了模糊质量功能配置理论在飞机顶层决策设计中的应用问题。最大特色在于提出飞机顶层设计的递阶质量屋结构和将FQFD应用于飞机顶层设计中。具体的应用示例证明了该方法的可行性。该方法在航空航天器的设计中有很强的适用性。     

Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Central Poland

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in numerous products, from which they are emitted to the environment, including house dust. House dust is a source of human exposure to these compounds by ingestion. The aim of this article was to determine the levels of selected PBDEs in the house dust and indicate their potential sources of origin. PBDE congeners: BDE‐47, BDE‐99, BDE‐153 and BDE‐209, were analyzed in 129 samples. The geometric mean levels (and 95% CIs) of the aforementioned congeners amounted to 3.8 (3.1–4.7) ng/g, 4.5 (3.5–5.6) ng/g, 2.2 (2.1–2.4) ng/g and 345 (269–442) ng/g respectively. BDE‐209 was the dominant congener in the majority of tested samples. We found a statistically significant correlation between the concentrations of BDE‐47 and the computer operating time per day (r_s – 0.18) and the living area (r_s – 0.20). Statistically significant higher levels of BDE‐99 were found in homes where the floor was not replaced during the last 2 years.     

Using integrated quality function deployment and theory of innovation problem solving approach for ergonomic product design

A multidisciplinary approach integrating method of identification of customer satisfaction needs (CSNs), the House of Quality (HoQ) chart of quality function deployment (QFD), theory of innovation problem solving (TRIZ) and fuzzy group decision-making theory for ergonomic product innovative design and evaluation in the early design stages was proposed. An integrated model and the approach procedures consists of four steps. In step 1, identification of CSNs is based on a data source triangulation approach, questionnaire survey, 5-point liner numeric rating scale, factor analysis, and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha statistic are utilized to guarantee that the CSNs are complete and reliable. In step 2, a correlation matrix is built to identify the critical ergonomic design areas and the key problems are established by analysis of the negative relationships obtained from interrelationship half-matrix at the roof of the HoQ. In step 3, to solve the problems, TRIZ main tools and contradiction analysis are utilized. Several innovative alternatives are generated by combining appropriate Inventive Principles of TRIZ, the critical ergonomic design areas and the ergonomic design principles. In step 4, a general and easy fuzzy group decision-making method for evaluating of the best design alternatives is presented. A case study of the integrated kitchen stove innovative design and evaluation is conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.     

Overheating in Scotland: contributing factors in occupied homes

ABSTRACT

There is growing awareness of the overheating risks in new-build properties in the UK. However, this tends to be considered a problem principally for the southern regions in the UK, only becoming a serious issue in the north of England in the medium-term and in the long-term for Scotland. This notion tends to be largely predicated upon climate change predictions, differences in latitude and summer air temperatures. This paper describes the results from Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) studies over a two-year period from 26 occupied new-build homes across Scotland which demonstrated incidences of overheating. Results suggest that low-energy buildings are susceptible to overheating despite northerly latitudes, with 54% of houses studied overheating for more than six months annually, and 27% of homes overheating for less than 10% of the year. Evidence indicated that commonly used prediction tools do not appear to anticipate overheating adequately. This paper maps common overheating causes due to design and the role of occupants, identifying the risks due to the regulatory system, prediction and procurement processes, and design and construction. A common finding was that design and occupancy factors appear to have a greater impact on overheating more than location and climatic factors.     

纯粹几何·古典精神——从格拉斯舒特住宅到三号住宅

对于大多数中国人来讲，奥斯瓦尔德·马蒂亚斯·翁格斯这个名字并不为人熟知，但在德国和欧洲地区，他是德国战后最重要的建筑师，也是德国新理性主义思潮的领军人物。其多产的一生为世人留下了大量伟大的建筑作品，他的创作思想深深影响了一大批欧洲建筑师。翁格斯的大多喜欢运用立方体等几何形体作为造型语汇，作品强调基于数字比例的严谨秩序，追求简化到极致的纯净形式，他的几所自宅尤其是后来的格拉斯舒特住宅和三号住宅都是他个人设计思想的最好体现。文章通过对格拉斯舒特住宅及三号住宅的对比分析，阐述了翁格斯追求纯粹几何形体的造型手法以及基于严谨数字比例的生成机制，探讨了背后蕴含的场所意义以及原型思想和古典精神。     

西沙岛礁渔民屋应对环境的方式与启示——以永乐群岛为例

本文通过对西沙永乐群岛的调研,发现当地的渔民屋在选址上主要考虑基地的可建设性与运输条件;聚落形态上呈现集中式的聚落布局;建筑单体采用带有檐廊的单一空间;建筑围护结构主要用于防台风和暴雨;建筑材料主要使用回收利用的木料、竹子以及当地的珊瑚石。渔民屋虽然看似简陋,但是透过它可以看出西沙地区建设过程中所面临的问题及经验,能够为西沙地区未来新型适宜性民居的建设明确方向。     

No More Stopping

The dissolution of the conventional breaking points in the construction and completion phases of a building's delivery has blurred ‘the distinction between the production of design intent and the transmission of information’. Here Richard Garber , Director of the School of Architecture at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), advocates that architects should use this as an opportunity to widen their remit, gaining agency and with it responsibility and the financial rewards to practice. Here he draws from the examples of UNStudio, GLUCK+ and his own New-York based practice, GRO Architects.     

Actualising (Overlooked) Material Capacities

An emphasis on material synthesis is not without its pitfalls and challenges. Here Branko Kolarevic , Professor and Chair in Integrated Design at the University of Calgary Faculty of Environmental Design, alerts us to the dangers of overlooking materials' shifting capacities, which are so often scale dependent, while also disregarding existing materials in favour of the new or novel. As the potential grows for material systems in buildings to become more adaptive and to harness automation, Kolarevic describes some exciting developments that are taking place in dynamic facade design, providing the much-heralded promise of an efficient use of ambient energy.