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31.
Critical Shear Stress of Bimodal Sediment in Sand-Gravel Rivers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new model for the critical shear stress and the transport of graded sediment is presented. The model is based on the size distribution of the bed surface and can be used to compute sediment transport rates in numerical simulations with an active layer model. This model makes a distinction between unimodal and bimodal sediments. It is assumed that all size fractions of unimodal sediments have the same critical shear stress while there is selective transport for the gravel fractions of bimodal sediments. A recently published laboratory transport data set is used to calibrate our model. 相似文献
32.
N. Leclerc A. Michaud K. Sirois J.‐F. Morin M. Leclerc 《Advanced functional materials》2006,16(13):1694-1704
New electroactive and photoactive conjugated copolymers consisting of alternating 2,7‐carbazole and oligothiophene moieties linked by vinylene groups have been developed. Different oligothiophene units have been introduced to study the relationship between the polymer structure and the electronic properties. The resulting copolymers are characterized by UV‐vis spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography, and thermal and electrochemical analyses. Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells from different copolymers and a soluble fullerene derivative, [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester, have been fabricated, and promising preliminary results are obtained. For instance, non‐optimized devices using poly(N‐(4‐octyloxyphenyl)‐2,7‐carbazolenevinylene‐alt‐3″,4″‐dihexyl‐2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2″′;5″′,2″″‐quinquethiophenevinylene 1″,1″‐dioxide) as an absorbing and hole‐carrier semiconductor exhibit power conversion efficiency up to 0.8 % under air mass (AM) 1.5 illumination. These features make 2,7‐carbazolenevinylene‐based and related polymers attractive candidates for solar‐cell applications. 相似文献
33.
J. S. Kim D. G. Seiler R. A. Lancaster M. B. Reine 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1996,25(8):1215-1220
Variable-magnetic-field Hall measurements (0 to 1.5 T) are performed on very-narrow-gap bulk-grown Hg1−xCdxTe single crystals (0.165 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) at various temperatures (10 to 300K). The electron densities and mobilities are obtained
within the one-carrier (electrons) approximation of the reduced-con-ductivity-tensor scheme. The present data together with
the selected data set reported by other workers exhibit a pronounced peak when the electron mobility is plotted against the
alloy composition x-value which has been predicted to be due to the effective-mass minimum at the bandgap-crossing (Eg ≈ 0). The observed position (x ≈ 0.165), height (≈4 x 102 m2Vs), and width (≈0.01 in x) of the mobility-peak can be explained by a simple simulation involving only ionized-impurity scattering.
A lower bound of the effective mass is introduced as a fitting parameter to be consistent with the finiteness of the observed
electron mobility and is found to be of the order of 10−4 of the mass of a free electron. 相似文献
34.
The standard deviation of differential pressure fluctuations between pressure taps in a 31.7 mm i.d. vertical downer was found to be proportional to the square root of the distance between the taps when measured under otherwise constant conditions. This finding confirms the prediction of a theoretical model based on the Central Limit Theorem of sampling statistics. Although the paper only presents experimental confirmation for downward flow, the theoretical model should be valid for flows in all orientations. Except at very low solids flows, the pressure gradient was found to be positive in the flow direction, indicating that rise in pressure due to static pressure more than compensated for frictional pressure losses. 相似文献
35.
Dan C. DeBorde William W. Woessner Bruce Lauerman Patrick Ball 《Water research》1998,32(12):3781-3785
At the present time, somatic and male-specific coliphage and human enterovirus groups are being considered as indicators of possible pathogenic human enteric virus contamination from fecal contamination. A primary attribute for any indicator of fecal contamination is its prevalence at the source and in associated ground water. It must be consistently found in the source material at concentrations that are measurable with available techniques. Over a period of ten months, male-specific and somatic coliphage ranged from 7000 to 4,000,000 PFU/L in the effluent from a multi-user septic-tank. Unlike the values determined for septic-tank effluent, coliphage concentrations measured in ground water over this same period only varied by five-fold. Coliphage concentration in ground water under the down-gradient edge of the drainfield contained 1000 PFU/L. This concentration decreased at −1 log10/5 m during 17.4 m of ground-water transport. From these data, coliphage concentrations in septic-tank effluent seem sufficient to allow their use as indicators of fecal contamination in ground water. 相似文献
36.
37.
为了探讨长江上游流域水土流失及泥沙输移规律,选取嘉陵江中游的支流李子溪为典型流域进行分析研究,在实地调查,野外测验及应用1960年-1991年实测降雨、径流、输沙资料的基础上,利用单因子相关分析和多因子回归分析,分别建立了输水利沙量、最大输沙率计算方程。在此基础上,参照径流瞬时单位线原理,以线性时不变系统为基础,建立输沙瞬时单位线模型。通过输沙单位线与时段净侵蚀量的卷积得到流域出口断面的输沙率过程 相似文献
38.
New measurements of the vapor-phase viscosity of phenol were performed from 437 up to 624 K and for densities between 0.006 and 0.023 mol · L–1 in an all-quartz oscillating-disk viscometer with small gaps. Thus, including our own measurements reported earlier, experimental data are available in the temperature range between 376 and 639 K and in the density range from 0.001 up to 0.023 mol · L–1. The data were evaluated with a density series for the viscosity in which only a linear density contribution is included. The values of the second viscosity virial coefficient obtained for phenol as well as for benzene, toluene, and p-xylene were compared with results of the Rainwater-Friend theory and of the modified Enskog theory on the basis of the Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential. The agreement is reasonable, when the potential parameter ratios determined by Bich and Vogel are used. The influence of bound dimers seems to be already taken into account in the three-monomer contribution according to Hoffman and Curtiss.Paper dedicated to Professor Joseph Kestin. 相似文献
39.
The reduction of CO2 emissions and fuel consumption from road transportation constitutes an important pillar of the European Union strategy for implementing the Kyoto Protocol. The commitment to reduce passenger car average CO2 emissions at 140 g/km in 2008 signed by European car manufacturers and the European Commission is up to now the most important initiative towards limiting CO2 emissions from road transportation and particularly from passenger cars. Until today, annual reports show the manufacturers’ efforts in limiting CO2 emissions is within the intermediate target set by the commitment and these results are incorporated in emissions estimations and scientific studies. This paper analyses the origin of the progress achieved so far in CO2 emissions and attempts an assessment of the commitment using independent experimental emission data. Additionally, the applicability of the commitment-monitoring data into policy and decision-making tools is being examined. The results indicate that a significant part of the reductions achieved so far is due to a market shift towards diesel vehicle sales and that no reduction factors should be applied yet in CO2 emissions estimation models. 相似文献
40.