Flow velocity estimation using a fish-shaped lateral line probe with product-moment correlation features and a neural network

Environmental studies on fish require measurements of highly turbulent flows in both the laboratory and in the field. A fish-shaped bioinspired flow measuring device is applied in conjunction with data processing workflow which leverages the interactions between the body and the surrounding flow field for velocity estimation in turbulent flows. Our objective is to develop a robust velocity estimation methodology relevant for studies of fish behavior using a bioinspired fish-shaped artificial lateral line probe (LLP). We show that the device is capable of covering the range of flow velocities from 0 to 1.5 m/s. Three different sets of experiments performed in a closed flow tunnel, a model vertical slot fishway and laboratory open channel flume were collected and combined to provide time-averaged flow velocity and LLP measurements under fully turbulent flow conditions. Based on the experimental results, a signal processing workflow using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PCC) features in conjunction with an artificial neural network (ANN) is presented. Using PCC features provides a simple data fusion methodology exploiting the use of the LLP's as a simultaneous collocated sensing array. In this work we show that (1) the PCC-ANN workflow provides the first LLP velocity estimator without repeated calibration across the full span of 0–1.5 m/s, (2) using all pressure sensors results in the best performance with R²=0.917, but requires a PCC feature matrix of 55 dimensions and (3) a stepwise reduction of the PCC feature matrix allows for the use of as few as 11 dimensions, and results in R²=0.911, indicating that a modest reduction in LLP velocity estimation performance can be gained by a large reduction in dimensionality. A surprising finding was that after stepwise reduction, the best performing sensor pair combinations were not the expected pitot-like anteroposterior couples spanning from nose to body. Instead, it was found that optimal velocity estimation using the LLP exploited a network of sensor pairs. It is shown that the LLP can be implemented similar to an ADV for highly turbulent flows over the range of 0–1.5 m/s, and in addition provides body-centric pressure distributions which may aid in the interpretation of fish hydrodynamic preferences in future environmental studies.     

Optimum rolling speed and relevant temperature- and reduction-dependent interfacial friction behavior during the break-down rolling of AZ31B alloy

The present study aimed to determine the optimum rolling speed for break-down rolling of as-cast AZ31B alloy and investigated the friction behavior associated with temperature- and reduction-sensitivity at the roll/plate contact interface. Tensile testing, formability evaluation and microstructural studies relevant to different rolling speeds were performed and finally the optimum operating rolling speed (50.0 ± 0.8 m/min) was obtained. Further, the effects of rolling reduction and initial temperature were assessed on the temperature variation, lateral spread and interfacial friction behavior at optimum rolling speed. The results showed that lower rolling speed (18.0 ± 0.8 m/min) resulted in an incompletely recrystallized structure where twins occupied relatively high volume fraction. Twinning dominated the deformation at rolling speed exceeding the optimum, resulting in the local recrystallization with shear bands and coarse grains. Rolling at 50.0 ± 0.8 m/min could get the best overall tensile properties and rolling formability due to the relatively high recrystallization degree and microstructure uniformity. An inverse method has been developed to determine the interfacial friction coefficient during interaction of AZ31B alloy with roll surfaces. When rolling at the optimum speed, the interfacial friction coefficient ranged from 0.16 to 0.58, which was strongly positively correlated with the reduction but slightly positively correlated with the initial temperature. Depended on the rolling characteristics, external friction effect coefficient ranged from 1.25 to 2.35 and it exhibited positive correlation with both the initial rolling temperature and rolling reduction.     

轴向循环加载卸载条件下饱和软土变形特性试验研究

研究循环加卸载条件下软黏土的强度和变形特性具有一定的工程实践价值。利用自行改进和研制的连续加载一维K_0固结仪对饱和软土进行轴向循环加卸载试验。结果表明:各级卸载应力-应变曲线是双曲线,再加载曲线应力-应变关系在上级卸载载荷之前为双曲线,超过卸载载荷为直线,呈现不断硬化的现象,试样产生塑性变形和弹性变形,且塑性变形和弹性变形分别与卸载等级呈线性关系;以原有双曲线本构关系为基础,利用各级加载轴向最大应力和初始切线模量,卸载曲线的轴向最大应变和初始割线模量,引入新的模型参数,从而建立轴向循环加卸载的本构方程,并验证了其可靠性。对各级塑性滞回能进行了计算,随着卸载应力水平的增大,塑性滞回能不断增大,且通过拟合加卸载过程中消耗的塑性滞回能与卸载应力水平呈良好的二次曲线关系。     

中-细粒长石石英砂岩低渗储层在围压循环增减条件下渗透率变化规律的试验研究

二氧化碳(CO_2)地质储存灌注过程大都具有间断性、多期次注入的特点。多期次注入造成储层应力反复积累和消散,储层水平方向的有效应力也将呈现反复加载和卸载效应。通过实验,分析了两个岩石学特征相似的岩心样品在围压循环加、卸载并考虑注入间断期应力消散条件下岩石的渗透率变化规律。试验结果表明,在多次围压加、卸载刺激下渗透率显著下降,降幅可达到20%~40%;间断期应力消散对渗透率的影响很大,实际的注入工程数值模拟计算中应给予充分重视;渗透率变幅在高围压区小,在低围压区域大;根据实验数据构建了黏土矿物含量在10%左右的中-细粒长石石英砂岩低渗储层在多期次围压加、卸载过程的渗透率量化方程,为CO_2地质储存工程多期次注入同类型储层储存潜力评价和CO_2储层监测数据解释提供了理论依据     

澜沧江藏东流域岩体结构面分形研究

基于澜沧江藏东流域岩体结构面的现场编录资料和分形理论,验证了研究区岩体结构面具有自相似性,符合分形特征。通过对研究区35个平硐、5 000余米长度平硐揭露的岩体结构面进行计算分析,用分形维数定量描述了岩体质量等级、岩体卸荷风化强弱分带。尝试通过细化计算平硐内结构面分形维数,实现运用分维值对工程中岩体质量进行评价和对岩体卸荷风化强弱进行划分。     

金沙江某水电站坝址条状山梁卸荷松弛成因分析

金沙江某水电站大坝左坝肩边坡因两条河流切割包围形成条状山梁,岩体卸荷松弛强烈,边坡一定深度范围内呈不同程度张开状,可见张开宽度15 cm。在现场调查资料的基础上,结合地形地貌、地层岩性、结构面发育特征及河谷地应力等因素,综合分析了边坡岩体卸荷松弛的成因。结果表明:金沙江及其支流的切割形成了孤立突出、三面临空的条状山梁,同时边坡垂直高差达350 m,应力释放迅速、强烈;逆向陡倾岩体拉裂、倾倒,并随时间持续剪切错动松弛,最终形成了卸荷深度达112 m的松弛现象。     

冻融循环作用下砂岩卸荷强度特性试验及损伤特性研究

建立在寒区的岩土工程,其岩石的损伤劣化不仅受冻融风化作用,而且还受到开挖卸荷的影响。采用冻融循环试验和三轴卸荷试验相结合的方法,对砂岩同时受2种破坏作用的强度特性和损伤特性进行系统的分析。分析结果表明:随围压的增加,冻融循环下岩石的破坏特性由张拉破坏逐渐转变为剪切破坏特征,随着冻融次数的增加,岩样明显产生侧向膨胀,侧边中部明显向外凸出,并出现了不同级别的张裂纹、环向裂纹及许多岩粉和岩石碎块;对于三轴卸荷试验,岩样的峰值强度随着冻融次数的增加而降低;扩容应力随冻融次数增加呈指数下降关系;破坏围压与冻融次数呈二次函数关系;冻融损伤值随冻融次数增加呈线性增长,表明岩样的损伤受冻融的影响逐渐增大。研究成果可为寒区岩土工程设计和施工提供指导。     

Laterally braced wood beam-columns subjected to biaxial eccentric loading

This paper presents results of a study on the stability capacity and lateral bracing force of wood beam-columns subjected to biaxial eccentric compression loading. A numerical analysis model based on the column deflection curve method was developed. The model considers nonlinear parallel-to-wood-grain stress–strain relationship, size and stress distribution effects of wood strength, shear deformation, and the P-Delta effect of compression load. Material property tests and biaxial eccentric compression tests of wood beam-columns were conducted to provide input parameters and verification for the model. Good agreement was achieved. The adequacy of the 2% rule of thumb was also studied.     

某高拱坝坝基开挖卸荷松弛时空效应

水利水电工程中坝基开挖造成的岩体卸荷松弛是影响工程质量和安全的重要问题,查明岩体卸荷松弛的时间规律和空间特征,为加固工程设计方案提供数据依据具有重要意义。在某高拱坝坝基开挖过程中利用声波测井技术对建基面岩体进行大面积长期观测,对声波数据进行统计分析,并结合现场卸荷松弛现象,总结出岩体开挖所引起的岩体在一定时间和空间上的卸荷效应及发育特征。结果表明:岩体的卸荷松弛主要发生在开挖后的前8个月,10~12个月后基本结束;卸荷松弛的速率先快后慢;原岩的岩体结构越完整,卸荷效应越低,反之则越高;松弛带厚度与坡比之间存在一个最优坡比值;岩体的卸荷松弛是由浅入深渐进发展的,浅层岩体卸荷松弛程度明显高于深部岩体,且持续时间更长;结构面和软弱夹层是卸荷松弛的重要部位,影响大型岩块的稳定     

Analysis and simulation of reddish overshoot in active matrix organic light-emitting diode display with varying p-doped hole transport layer concentrations

A typical organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display has common organic layers between adjacent pixels, which ensure ease of manufacturing process and efficiency in operation. The p-doped hole transport layer (p-HTL) has low electrical resistivity, which results in a high efficiency OLED. However, the low resistivity results in various side effects, including color crosstalk and overshoot, mainly due to lateral leakage current flowing through this layer. Furthermore, virtual reality and augmented reality devices that require extremely high pixels per inch (PPI) and superior image quality are very sensitive to lateral leakage current. In this study, we propose a passive driving panel based on RGB top emission to efficiently measure and model the lateral leakage current characteristics according to the p-HTL concentration.In addition, we constructed a 1.5-inch active matrix organic light-emitting diode panel based on the n-type low-temperature polycrystalline silicon 4T2C pixel circuit. Subsequently, we quantitatively analyzed the reddish overshoot phenomenon during the black to white image transition. This effect was reduced at p-HTL concentrations under 1%.Finally, we analyzed the overshoot mechanism through SPICE simulations and realized the optimal lateral resistance value of the common organic layer for each PPI.