Physical Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste for Geotechnical Purposes

A procedure to characterize municipal solid waste (MSW) for geotechnical engineering purposes is developed based on experience with waste characterization and testing. Existing MSW classification systems are reviewed briefly, and the field and laboratory waste characterization programs of two important projects are presented. Findings on the influence of the waste’s physical composition on its mechanical response from these projects and recent studies of MSW are integrated to develop a waste characterization procedure for efficient collection of the relevant information on landfill operation and waste physical characteristics that are most likely to affect the geotechnical properties of MSW. A phased approach to implementation of this procedure is proposed as a best practice for the physical characterization of MSW for geotechnical purposes. The scope of the phased procedure can be adjusted to optimize the effort required to collect relevant information on a project-specific basis. The procedure includes a systematic evaluation of the moisture and organic content of MSW, because they are important factors in the geotechnical characterization of MSW.     

Comparison of Biodegradation of Nonylphenol Propoxylates with Usage of Two Different Sources of Activated Sludge

Aerobic biodegradation behaviour of nonylphenol propoxylates was investigated in two tests with different sewage sludge as inocula. The samples containing target compounds were pre-concentrated using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and analysed with the use of high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Both primary biodegradation and formation of different biodegradation by-products were studied. Primary biodegradation of nonylphenol propoxylates was relatively slow and reached only about 70 % in over 70 days from the start of the tests. The biodegradation by-products from both oxidative and non-oxidative pathways were found. In the non-oxidative route, shortening of the propoxy chain was observed. In the oxidative pathway carboxylic acids and ketones were identified. The biodegradation by-products identified with the use of mass spectrometric detection also persisted for many days.     

珠海明月山溪花园设计意匠

通过对珠海明月山溪花园交通廊道、院巷及水系景观的深入剖析,解读其利用自然坡地地形,吸纳岭南民居、名园的风格精华,并辅以现代的建筑文化及特色,营造出别具空间层次的山地别墅区的实践过程。     

Energy analysis of in-series biohydrogen and methane production from organic wastes

Biohydrogen production has been coupled in some cases to other energy production technologies in order to overcome its modest energy gains. Anaerobic digestion, when used for methane recovery, has long been regarded as an energy recovery technology. We determined the energy potential from the coupling of either semi-continuous or batch hydrogen lab-scale bioreactors to a methanogenic stage. All processes were performed in solid substrate fermentation mode using the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes as first fed.     

景观构成要素在小区生态环境建设中的应用

文章结合现代化住宅小区的发展趋势，从生态学的角度阐述了建筑物、水体、植物、道路等景观要素在小区生态环境中的应用，并提出将各景观要素作为一个整体与小区生态环境建设紧密联系起来等建议和看法以供参考。     

石头筑就神话，朴实彰显美丽——海口荣堂村古村落景观初探

该文从村落选址、布局、道路、建筑、植被等方面对海南石头古村落——荣堂村进行了调查研究，初步分析了荣堂村的景观特点，为进一步的荣堂村古村落景观规划做好了准备。     

杭州湘湖规划

杭州湘湖规划的核心是修复湘湖水域、完善区域生态系统和组织游览休闲系统,通过将水域深入到两侧山体的山谷之中,有选择地保留现状堤,在浅湖中设置岛屿或种植水生植物,维持现状湖底,保护现有植被,最大程度的保留和再利用积极的历史、文化和地域信息,使湘湖具有独特的景观面貌。     

城市水利工程中金属结构设计与应用

通过江西省九江龙开新渠、南昌市乌沙河闸和新洲闸等3个工程的金属结构设计介绍，阐明目前在城市水利工程金属结构设计中，合理处理满足工程功能要求和景观效果显得非常重要．     

Analysis and optimization of municipal solid waste combustion in a reciprocating incinerator

A mathematical model is presented for the combustion of municipal solid waste in a reciprocating incinerator. The most preferable incinerator is determined by detailed simulation and analysis of different incinerator shapes. Furthermore, the optimal design and operating parameters are obtained by analyzing the injection angle and velocity of the secondary air. Both the results of numerical simulation and practical operation show favorable combustion state, low contaminants emission, and suitability for the combustion characteristics of Chinese municipal waste and the treating requirements. This study provides an important reference for the optimizing design and operation of municipal solid waste incinerator.     

Determination of virus abundance, diversity and distribution in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Procedures to extract and count sludge viruses-like particles from municipal sewage treatment plant were optimized by epifluorescence microscopy using SYBR Green I as a stain. The highest indigenous virus yields from the bulk of the anaerobic digestion sludge and influent (solid) were obtained by utilizing 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate as eluant solution with vortex and 1 min of sonication. The use of 1× phosphate buffered saline as eluant with vortex and 1 min of sonication yields highest indigenous virus from activated sludge. The efficiency of extracting indigenous viruses by sodium pyrophosphate-ultrasound treatment was about 62% of the extractable virus particles from activated sludge and 87% for anaerobic digestion sludge, respectively. Samples treated with DNase had decreased, but not significant, virus counts, suggesting a minor effect of extracellular DNA on virus count. Following the optimized procedure, we investigated the abundance and diversity of virus particles in the wastewater stream of a municipal treatment plant. The concentrations of virus particles ranged from 0.28 × 10⁹ ml⁻¹ to 27.04 × 10⁹ ml⁻¹. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a high variety of virus morphotypes in sludge. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed a diverse and dynamic viral community in different stages of the system with genome sizes ranging from 33 kb to >350 kb with most of the viral DNA in the 30-80 kb and 200-350 kb size ranges. Collectively, our study suggested that indigenous viruses are abundant and dynamic in the municipal wastewater treatment system and may play an important role in functioning of the system.