A study of loading history effect for thermoviscoelastic solid propellant grains

The results of an investigation on solid propellant grains considering loading history effect are presented. Traditionally, the thermal loading history effect of solid propellant grains was not considered for simplifying the analytical task, and a higher safety factor was inevitable for structural integrity. But this does not mean that the thermal loading history effect is not useful and could be neglected arbitrarily, and this effect usually plays a very important role for some critical design. In order to simulate the time–temperature-dependent behavior of thermoviscoelastic and incompressible polymer materials, concepts of time–temperature shift principle, cumulative damage theory and reduced integration were used. In addition, five different types of thermal loading history assumption were performed using the finite element method for discussing the thermal loading history effect. Results show that the thermal loading history effect is important for structural integrity of solid propellant grains, and improper negligence may cause structural failure of missile systems.     

换热管与管板液压胀接接头的疲劳性能

采用实验的方法 ,测得管壳式换热器液压胀接接头疲劳试验前后的密封力和拉脱力 ,获得了液压胀接接头对交变载荷敏感程度的数据 ,并在此基础上研究了液压胀接接头疲劳性能 ,为工程上最佳液压胀接工艺参数的确定提供指导     

基于桥梁结构动力特性的静力性能预测

桥梁荷载试验法是对桥梁结构工作状态进行直接测试的一种检定手段,通过动、静荷载试验测试出桥梁结构的各种动、静载响应,评定桥梁实际承载能力和受力性能,是评价桥梁性能最可靠的一种方法。基于环境振动的动载试验具有无须贵重的激励设备,不打断结构的正常使用,方便省时,只需测定响应数据等优点,已经广泛的应用于桥梁结构检测之中。静载试验通常所需要的周期长、费用大、评定结果稳定可靠,而动载试验相对来讲周期短,费用较小,并且对于多跨桥梁可以评价整桥的结构性能,各有优缺点。本文基于环境振动试验测试桥梁在动载作用下的响应,得到桥梁的频率、阻尼和振型等模态参数,将桥梁结构的模态参数和静载试验结果相互联系起来,用结构的模态参数来预测结构的承载能力,对结构的可靠性进行评估,从而可以减少结构荷载试验的费用。     

板翅式换热器封头强度的有限元分析

运用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS6 .0对板翅式换热器封头的承载能力进行了极限分析 ,研究了同一壁厚下结构形式不同对封头极限载荷的影响。应用ASME锅炉和压力容器标准第 8卷第 2册中AD 14 0设计准则对在最大允许设计压力作用下的封头最大应力点进行了评定 ,得到了板翅式换热器不同结构形式封头相应的特点和应用范围 ,为板翅式换热器封头的设计提供了可行性方法和依据     

Nitrogen balance and accumulation pattern in three contrasting prairie soils receiving repeated applications of liquid swine and solid cattle manure

The expansion of intensive livestock operations in western Canada has increased concerns about overloading of nutrients in manured lands. The magnitude of nutrient accumulation and its distribution in the soil profile varies with soil-climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine loading and distribution of manure-derived nitrogen (N) in the soil profile as influenced by repeated manure applications. Four field experiments were conducted at three sites (Dixon, Melfort and Plenty) in Saskatchewan under longer-term manure management. The four field experiments provide contrasts in soil type, climatic conditions, manure type, application and cropping history to enable the effect of these factors to be evaluated. Liquid hog manure (LHM—Experiment 1) and solid cattle manure (SCM—Experiment 2) treatments were applied annually over 8 years at Dixon (Black Chernozemic loam soil—Udic Boroll in sub-humid climate), while only LHM was applied at Plenty (Dark Brown Chernozemic heavy clay soil—Typic Boroll in semi-arid climate) over 6 years (Experiment 3), and at Melfort (Dark Gray Luvisol silty clay loam soil—Mollic Cryoboralf in humid climate) over 5 years (Experiment 4). Soil samples were collected in the spring and autumn of 2003 and 2004, and were analyzed for organic N, ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate-N (NO₃⁻-N) concentrations. Plant samples were collected to determine the impact of manure application rate on plant N uptake and crop N removal. The annual application of LHM (37,000 L ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and SCM (7.6 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) at agronomic rates at Dixon (added N balances crop demand for that year), or larger rates of LHM (111,000 L ha⁻¹) applied once every 3 years (Melfort) did not significantly elevate NO₃⁻-N in soil compared to the unfertilized control. Lower crop removal and reduced leaching of NO₃⁻-N due to drier conditions as occurred at the Plenty site contributed to greater accumulation of nitrate in the top 60 cm at equivalent rates compared to the other two sites. At large manure rates, excess N from the balance estimates could not be accounted for in soil organic N and was assumed to be lost from the soil-plant system. At the Dixon LHM site, deep leaching of NO₃⁻-N was observed at the excessive rate (148,000 L ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) up to the 150 cm depth, compared to the control. At Dixon, the large annual application rate of SCM (30.4 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) did not significantly increase NO₃⁻-N in the 0–60 cm soil compared to the control, which was attributed to lower mineralization of organic N from the SCM. Over the short and medium term, LHM application at large rates every year poses a greater risk for loading and deep migration of NO₃⁻-N in soil than large rates of SCM. Larger single applications made once every 3 years were not associated with accumulation or deep leaching. To prevent loading, rates of applied manure nitrogen should be reduced when crop N removal potential is diminished by high frequency of drought.     

A conceptual structure for value based assessment of dynamic reactive power support in power markets

This paper presents a practical reactive power valuation method, for the purpose of the reactive power pricing, in which the VAr value is decomposed into two components. These components are basically different from those already employed in the literature. Using a security constrained optimization model, the proposed scheme allocates two specific amounts of MW transactions to each generator as a dynamic reactive power source. One of these allocated amounts represents the contribution of the VAr resource to the shipment of active power, while the other one represents the contribution to the protection of the system against voltage instability. The final VAr value is derived using the weighted sum of these associated components. Application of the proposed method has been illustrated using the IEEE 30-bus test system. The results of reactive power valuation for this sample network, in different operating conditions, are evaluated and discussed.     

Cisco路由器下线路负载均衡技术的实现

进行网间连接时常采用双线热备以保证网络传输的可靠性和持续性，这样可能造成备份线路长时间处于空闲状态。为了更好地发挥每条线路的效能，充分利用已有的网络资源，本文以Cisco路由器为例，介绍如何基于策略、成本、HSRP实现线路负载均衡技术。     

基于最优潮流并计及静态电压稳定性约束的区域间可用输电能力计算

可用输电能力(ATC)是衡量电力系统在安全稳定运行的前提下区域间功率交换能力的指标。文中基于最优潮流(OPF)方法，建立起符合电力市场交易机制的ATC计算模型，其中考虑到输电线路故障对系统静态电压稳定性的影响，加入线路N-1故障时广义参数化形式的潮流方程及相应的不等式约束条件，使系统在故障时仍有负荷裕度，以保持电压稳定；以支路功率和系统负荷裕度之间的灵敏度指标进行预想故障选择，并用原对偶内点法计算得到输电线路N-1安全约束下的区域间可用输电能力。IEEE30和IEEE118节点系统算例表明该模型和算法的正确性与有效性。     

Effects of loading rate on the local cleavage fracture stress σf in notched specimens

Four point bending (4PB) notched specimens with different notch sizes are tested at various loading rates at a temperature of −110 °C for a C-Mn steel. An elastic-plastic finite element method (FEM) is used to determine the stress and strain distributions ahead of notches. By accurately measuring the distances of the cleavage initiation sites from the notch roots, the local cleavage fracture stress σ_f is measured. The results show that the local cleavage fracture stress σ_f does not essentially change with loading rate V and notch size. The reason for this is that the cleavage micromechanism does not change in the different specimens at various loading rates. The cleavage micromechanism involves competition of two critical events of crack propagation and crack nucleation in the high stress and strain volume ahead of notch root. The large scatter of σ_f and notch toughness are mainly caused by the different critical events in different specimens.     

Effects of particle shapes to achieve angle of repose and force displacement behaviour on granular assembly

Circular or spherical particles in Discrete Element Method (DEM) possess limitations on achieving desired angle of repose for some granular assemblies. However, by using various shapes/clumps of particles, the limitation posed by the circular or spherical particles on achieving angle of repose can be minimized. In this paper, 2D DEM simulation has been used to investigate the effect of particle shapes on (a) angle of repose, where the aim is to achieve the angle of repose of 35° observed in a laboratory scale sand pile experiment, and (b) force displacement behaviour of granular assembly. The simulated results show that the particle shapes have strong influence on the angle of repose but have a less effect on force displacement behaviour on the granular assembly.