库车河阿艾阿仑——库台克力克侏罗系古气候及沉积环境分析

通过对库车河阿艾阿仑——库台克力克侏罗系地层特征的野外观察及沉积环境分析将阿艾阿伦——库台克力克侏罗系划分为下侏罗统阿合组、阳霞组,中侏罗统克孜勒努尔组、恰克马克组以及上侏罗统奇古组,喀拉扎组。该区经历了由亚热带、暖温带——亚热带半干旱、半潮湿——干旱炎热的亚热带型气候变化。根据沉积特征对沉积环境分析可推测阿合组主要为辫状河流沉积时期,阳霞组、克孜勒努尔组为主要的曲流河和辫状河发育期;恰克马克组为曲流河沉积时期;齐古组为湖泊发育期,而喀拉扎组由于变为干旱型气候而成为干旱气候条件下的湖泊沉积环境。     

Soret-‘shifted’ dew-point temperatures for surfaces exposed to hydrocarbon vapors dilute in compressed nitrogen

Soret-driven species transport causes concentration non-uniformities in the immediate vicinity of ‘cold’ surfaces immersed in undersaturated vapor-containing streams. These concentration non-uniformities, in turn, alter corresponding condensation onset temperatures, often by as much as 30 K (i.e., ca. 3%) in previously studied, near-atmospheric pressure combustion systems [see, e.g., Rosner, D.E. and Nagarajan, R., 1985. Chemical Engineering Science 40 (2), 177]. Because high-pressures often cause remarkable increases in the relevant binary Soret factor, α_T,12, we investigate here the importance of these vapor phase ‘transport’ effects for ‘compressed’ N₂ streams containing dilute quantities of an alkane: C₁₂H₂₆ (n-dodecane) or C₈H₁₈ (n-octane). We invoke the virial equation of state (VES) to predict gas phase non-ideality, and its appreciable effect on previously available ideal gas Soret factors. Our illustrative numerical results, valid for, say, nominally 1000 K N₂ streams up to pressures of over 100 atm, reveal that high-pressure Soret ‘shifts’ in T_dp can amount to ca. 80%, even at surface temperatures above the equilibrium freezing points of these condensates. We conclude that these high-pressure vapor phase transport phenomena will not only influence the interpretation of such hot gas/‘cold’ surface ‘dew-point’ measurements, they will significantly raise the temperatures at which containment or immersed surfaces must be maintained to avoid the ravages of corrosive or insulating inorganic condensates [Rosner, D.E., Chen, B.K., Fryburg, G.C., Kohl, F.J., 1979. Combustion Science and Technology 20, 87; Rosner, D.E., 1988a. Invited paper, Benjamin G. Levich Memorial Issue of Journal of Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics 10 (5/6), 663]. In principle, the present theory could itself be used to study the pressure dependence of the binary Soret factor—at least for systems with well-characterized saturation vapor pressures.     

聚氯乙烯弹性体气候老化性能研究

将聚氯乙烯(PVC)弹性体试样进行户外曝晒试验,对试样老化前后的外观、力学性能、扫描电镜、红外光谱等试验结果进行分析比较,考察了光、热、氧对PVC弹性体气候老化性能的影响。研究结果表明:曝晒6个月后PVC的外观暗淡但有韧性,出现少量裂纹,分布也不均匀;拉伸强度逐渐增加,而断裂伸长率逐渐下降,16个月时下降到73.26%。导致断裂伸长率下降和拉伸强度逐渐增加的原因是DOP增塑剂的慢慢挥发。PVC样品经过16个月的曝晒后的红外光谱显示:波峰1620cm-1的出现说明有C=C存在,波峰969cm-1的消失说明高分子中的CH2断裂,这些都是分子老化所造成的。最后通过数学建模应用软件计算16个月后的断裂伸长率,预测可知:PVC弹性体在户外暴露30个月后就失去使用价值。     

Experimental determination of the drag coefficient in a swarm of bubbles

Simultaneous measurements of liquid velocity by laser Doppler velocimetry and bubble velocity, diameter, and void fraction by a double optical probe are performed in a bubble column to study the influence of the void fraction on the relative velocity of a swarm of gas bubbles. Bubble diameters d_b vary from 2 to 10 mm and local void fractions α_loc can reach 35%. It is found that, for α_loc<15%, the relative bubble velocity is determined by the hindrance effect and consequently decreases with the void fraction. Beyond this critical value, the aspiration of bubbles in the wake of the leading ones dominates the hindrance effect and the relative velocity thus increases suddenly. The contribution of the bubble diameters to this evolution is also determined. Finally, a drag correlation, valid for the whole range of void fraction and for pure water-air systems, is proposed.     

应用电导探针测定固－液两相流的局部速度

研制了用于测定固－液两相流液相局部速度的双电极电导探针，并在０．７５ｍ×０．７５ｍ×１ｍ方形固－液搅拌槽内测定了叶轮排出流区的速度分布。     

A study of local liquid/solid mass transfer in packed beds under trickling and induced pulsing flow

Induced pulsing flow (by cyclic liquid feeding) in packed beds, operated in the trickling flow regime, is studied as a method of overall improvement of catalytic reactor operation. In this paper results are reported of experiments aimed at determining local and global liquid/solid mass transfer rates, mainly for the so-called fast mode of ON-OFF periodic liquid feeding, with frequencies of order 0.1 Hz. Such mass transfer data for the fast mode of induced pulsing are not available in the literature. Uniform 6 mm glass spheres and alumina cylindrical extrudates, of 1.5 mm diameter and a narrow distribution of lengths, are employed in the tests. For completeness, results are also reported for single-phase (liquid) and trickling flow through the same packed beds. A well-known electrochemical technique is employed to measure instantaneous local mass transfer coefficients by means of quite a few probes distributed throughout the bed. The hydrodynamic characteristics under the above conditions, reported in companion papers, are helpful in interpreting the new mass transfer data.There is a wide spread of the time-averaged local mass transfer rates, in all cases tested, apparently due to packing and flow non-uniformities. This spread is much smaller in the case of packed uniform spheres. In general, the benefits of cyclic liquid feeding are more evident in the packed bed of spheres than in that of cylindrical extrudates; for instance, with increasing mean liquid rate, induced pulsing tends to reduce the spread of local mass transfer coefficients, which suggests that more uniform fluids distribution is promoted. The imposed liquid pulses are reflected in the observed periodic variation of local mass transfer coefficients; the latter appear to decay along the bed in the same manner as the liquid pulses. Other trends of local mass transfer rates are identified and discussed in relation to measured variation of liquid holdup, under the same conditions. For packed spheres, the measured global mass transfer rates are in fair agreement with literature correlations obtained for the trickling flow regime, unlike the case of packed extrudates where significant deviation is observed.     

Evolution of the local structure and electrochemical properties of spinel LiNixMn2−xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)

A series of Ni substituted spinel LiNi_xMn_2−xO₄ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) have been synthesized to study the evolution of the local structure and their electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction showed a few Ni cations moved to the 8a sites in heavily substituted LiNi_xMn_2−xO₄ (x ≥ 0.3). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed Ni²⁺ cations were partially oxidized to Ni³⁺. The local structures of LiNi_xMn_2−xO₄ were studied by analyzing the and A_1g Raman bands. The most compact [Mn(Ni)O₆] octahedron with the highest bond energy of Mn(Ni)O was found for LiNi_0.2Mn_1.8O₄, which showed a Mn(Ni)O average bond length of 1.790 Å, and a force constant of 2.966 N cm⁻¹. Electrolyte decomposition during the electrochemical charging processes increased with Ni substitution. The discharge capacities at the 4.1 and 4.7 V plateaus obeyed the linear relationships with respect to the Ni substitution with the slopes of −1.9 and +1.9, which were smaller than the theoretical values of −2 and +2, respectively. The smaller slopes could be attributed to the electrochemical hysteresis and the presence of Ni³⁺ in the materials.     

液压凿岩机活塞与缸体之间间隙的设计计算

根据液压凿岩机活塞的运动规律，建立了活塞运动微分方程，推导了其运动学参数的解析表达式。研究了液压凿岩机活塞与缸体间隙密封段的局部温升和能量损失，建立了其数学模型，根据该模型可以求得活塞与缸体之间合理的间隙范围。     

基于靠帮开采的局部陡帮开采方式研究

基于靠帮开采下部境界外扩法和上部境界收缩法2种开采方式,结合露天边坡地层层序律和时效性特点,提出了下部边坡外扩陡帮和边坡内缩陡帮2种局部陡帮开采方法,并分别推导出剥采比计算公式。采用控制变量法研究了煤层厚度、岩层厚度、局部陡帮高度对剥采比的影响,得出上部境界收缩法与边坡内缩陡帮法对煤层厚度、岩层厚度的变化较为敏感的规律。以霍林河露天矿南区西帮为例进行分析,边坡内缩陡帮法为霍林河露天煤矿最佳陡帮开采方案,可减少5 605.95万元的生产投资。